ER、PR、Her-2及Ki-67在乳腺癌原发灶及同期腋窝淋巴结转移灶中表达一致性的研究进展

雌激素受体、孕激素受体、人表皮生长因子受体2及细胞核相关抗原是乳腺癌诊疗中常用的生物学标志物。临床上多是基于上述生物学标志物在乳腺癌组织中的表达情况来区分乳腺癌不同的分子亚型以及制订个体化的治疗方案。近来,国内外很多临床研究表明,上述生物学标志物在乳腺癌原发灶与腋窝淋巴结转移灶中的表达存在一定的差异,该文就乳腺癌原发灶与同期腋窝淋巴结转移灶中常见生物学标志物表达的差异予以综述。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病骨骼肌功能障碍研究及相关肺康复进展

骨骼肌功能障碍作为慢性阻塞性肺疾病常见的肺外效应之一,严重影响患者的运动耐力、生活质量和预后。其机制可能是在多因素病因的作用下,骨骼肌发生了一些生物学事件,如结构异常、氧化应激、肌肉蛋白代谢紊乱(分解增加/合成减少)、自噬、表观遗传调节、细胞凋亡、内质网应激等。目前运动训练、神经肌肉电刺激、营养支持等肺康复干预措施被证实可用于骨骼肌功能障碍的防治。     

Hepatitis B and C virus reactivation in immunosuppressed patients with inflammatory bowel disease

In recent years,a number of case reports and clinical studies have highlighted the risk of hepatitis B and C virus reactivation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease who are treated with immunosuppressive drugs.The cases of viral hepatitis reactivation that have been reported are characterized by a wide range of clinical manifestations,from viremia without clinically relevant manifestations to fulminant life-threatening hepatitis.The development and dissemination of biological immunosuppressive drugs have led to a significant increase in the number of reports of interest to physicians in a variety of clinical settings.On this topic,there have been a number of published guidelines and reviews that have collected the available evidence,providing recommendations on prophylactic and therapeutic strategies and methods for monitoring patients at risk.However,it should be noted that,to date,very few clinical studies have been published,and most of the recommendations have been borrowed from otherclinical settings.The published studies are mostly retrospective and are based on very heterogeneous populations,using different therapeutic and prophylactic regimens and obtaining conflicting results.Thus,it seems clear that it is desirable to concentrate our efforts on prospective studies,not conducting further reviews of the literature in the continued absence of new evidence.     

Colorectal cancer: From prevention to personalized medicine

Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a very heterogeneous disease that is caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors.CRC develops through a gradual accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes,leading to the transformation of normal colonic mucosa into invasive cancer.CRC is one of the most prevalent and incident cancers worldwide,as well as one of the most deadly.Approximately 1235108 people are diagnosed annually with CRC,and 609051 die from CRC annually.The World Health Organization estimates an increase of77%in the number of newly diagnosed cases of CRCand an increase of 80%in deaths from CRC by 2030.The incidence of CRC can benefit from different strategies depending on its stage:health promotion through health education campaigns(when the disease is not yet present),the implementation of screening programs(for detection of the disease in its early stages),and the development of nearly personalized treatments according to both patient characteristics(age,sex)and the cancer itself(gene expression).Although there are different strategies for screening and although the number of such strategies is increasing due to the potential of emerging technologies in molecular marker application,not all strategies meet the criteria required for screening tests in population programs;the three most accepted tests are the fecal occult blood test(FOBT),colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy.FOBT is the most used method for CRC screening worldwide and is also the primary choice in most population-based screening programs in Europe.Due to its non-invasive nature and low cost,it is one of the most accepted techniques by population.CRC is a very heterogeneous disease,and with a few exceptions(APC,p53,KRAS),most of the genes involved in CRC are observed in a small percentage of cases.The design of genetic and epigenetic marker panels that are able to provide maximum coverage in the diagnosis of colorectal neoplasia seems a reasonable strategy.In recent years,the use of DNA,RNA and protein markers in different biological samples has been explored as strategies for CRC diagnosis.Although there is not yet sufficient evidence to recommend the analysis of biomarkers such as DNA,RNA or proteins in the blood or stool,it is likely that given the quick progression of technology tools in molecular biology,increasingly sensitive and less expensive,these tools will gradually be employed in clinical practice and will likely be developed in mass.     

2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)疫情期生物样本保藏生物安全防护原则及建议

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）感染引起的2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）是乙类传染病。随着COVID-19疫情蔓延,生物样本库样本保藏的生物安全风险增加,其生物安全防护显得越来越重要。根据国家有关规定和中华医学会相关指南,本文基于SARS-CoV-2病原学和COVID-19流行病学资料,提出了生物样本采集、转运、处理、保藏、检测、检测后处置、突发事件等过程中个人和生物样本保藏场所的生物安全防护原则及若干建议。强调依据有无病毒载量信息、传染力大小、标本类型（可能接触传播、气溶胶传播、粪口途径传播）对样本进行严格的生物安全风险评估,以指导疫情期间生物样本保藏、确保生物样本库生物安全。     

2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)疫情期生物样本保藏生物安全防护原则及建议

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）感染引起的2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）是乙类传染病。随着COVID-19疫情蔓延，生物样本库样本保藏的生物安全风险增加，其生物安全防护显得越来越重要。根据国家有关规定和中华医学会相关指南，本文基于SARS-CoV-2病原学和COVID-19流行病学资料，提出了生物样本采集、转运、处理、保藏、检测、检测后处置、突发事件等过程中个人和生物样本保藏场所的生物安全防护原则及若干建议。强调依据有无病毒载量信息、传染力大小、标本类型（可能接触传播、气溶胶传播、粪口途径传播）对样本进行严格的生物安全风险评估，以指导疫情期间生物样本保藏、确保生物样本库生物安全。     

84例肾细胞癌患者MSCT检查的图像分析及相关生物学行为评价

目的分析肾细胞癌患者多层螺旋CT(MSCT)检查的图像及相关生物学行为。方法选取2015年6月~2018年11月我院肾细胞癌患者84例,患者均采取MSCT检查,并行手术治疗,在术中取肾细胞癌组织和相应癌旁正常肾组织标本,以免疫组织化学SP法检测患者肾细胞癌组织和癌旁正常肾组织中Ki-67、缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)表达情况,并观察患者MSCT征象(瘤体大小、强化程度、有无坏死、液化、囊变,肿瘤边界清楚与否、有无血管受侵、有无邻近脏器侵犯或远处转移),分析肾细胞癌MSCT征象和Ki-67、HIF-1α表达情况相关性。结果本组术前应用MSCT扫描对肾细胞癌检出率及定性诊断率均为100%;Ki-67、HIF-1α在肾细胞癌组织中表达均高于癌旁正常肾组织(P<0.05);MSCT征象表现为瘤体大小>5cm、强化程度≥20HU、存在坏死、液化、囊变、肿瘤边界不清楚、有血管受侵、产生邻近脏器侵犯或远处转移者Ki-67、HIF-1α表达均高于瘤体大小≤5cm、强化程度<20HU、无坏死、液化、囊变、肿瘤边界清楚、无血管受侵、未产生邻近脏器侵犯或远处转移者(P均<0.05)。结论应用MSCT扫描可对肾细胞癌施行准确术前诊断,且肾细胞癌患者MSCT征象和Ki-67、HIF-1α表达有着密切相关性,能间接反映肿瘤生物学行为,为肾细胞癌诊断、治疗提供有力参考。     

A fully digital approach to fabricating a CAD-CAM ceramic crown to fit an existing removable partial denture

The use of a fully digital approach to fabricate an anatomic contour crown to fit an existing removable prosthesis allows the dentist and the dental laboratory technician to work efficiently in a digital environment. This report presents a series of patient treatments involving the fabrication of an anatomic contour monolithic zirconia crown to retrofit an existing removable partial denture. A complete digital workflow comprises an intraoral digital scan and computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) technology.     

Biomarkers in Cardiology – Part 1 – In Heart Failure and Specific Cardiomyopathies

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in Brazil. The primary and secondary preventions of those diseases are a priority for the health system and require multiple approaches to increase their effectiveness. Biomarkers are tools used to more accurately identify high-risk individuals, to speed the diagnosis, and to aid in treatment and prognosis determination. This review aims to highlight the importance of biomarkers in clinical cardiology practice, and to raise relevant points of their use and the promises for the coming years. This document was divided into two parts, and this first one discusses the use of biomarkers in specific cardiomyopathies and heart failure.