Cutaneous basal cell carcinoma with endobronchial metastasis

Although basal cell carcinoma is a very common malignancy, metastasis from this tumour is extremely rare. For this reason, many plastic surgeons, dermatologists and physicians dealing with skin malignancies consider this as a locally invasive malignancy. We present a rare case of metastatic basal cell carcinoma manifested as a bronchial tumour. This case highlights the fact that despite basal cell carcinoma’s local invasive potential, the possibility of distant metastasis still exists and clinicians should therefore be cautious about interpreting extracutaneous symptoms. Chest physicians should always consider the possibility of this rare tumour in the lungs in patients with a history of large basal cell carcinomas in the head and neck region.     

改良软通道微创穿刺引流治疗基底节血肿的临床体会

目的：探讨改良软通道微创穿刺引流治疗基底节血肿的临床效果。方法选择2011年2月~2014年2月本院收治的基底节血肿患者52例,采用改良软通道微创穿刺引流技术进行治疗,手术后7 d采用格拉斯哥昏迷量表（GCS）评估患者的意识水平,手术后14 d采用斯堪的纳维亚卒中量表（SSS）对神经功能进行评分。结果52例患者中,完全恢复26例,生活基本自理22例,中转开颅4例,无一例死亡。术后7 d GCS评分与治疗前比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,术后14 d GCS评分与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。术后14 d及28 d SSS评分与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。结论改良软通道微创穿刺引流治疗基底节血肿有效,操作相对简单,适宜在临床推广。     

神经内镜与显微镜手术治疗早期基底节区高血压性脑出血的临床疗效对比

目的分析神经内镜手术与显微镜手术对早期基底节区高血压性脑出血（HICH）的疗效。 方法回顾性分析张家口市第一医院神经外科自2016年3月至2021年3月手术治疗的188例早期基底节区HICH患者的临床资料,根据手术方式分为神经内镜组（95例）与显微镜组（93例）。对比分析2组患者术中失血量、手术时间、术后血肿清除率、术后并发症（颅内感染）发生率,以及术后6个月改良Rankin量表（mRs）评分情况。 结果神经内镜组与显微镜组比较,手术时间明显缩短[（96.6±10.7）min vs（171.3±26.4）min],术中出血量显著减少[（32.8±6.2）mL vs（112.8.0±17.0）mL]、血肿清除率提高（95.9%±4.2% vs 87.4%±6.5%）,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。根据术后6个月mRs评分,神经内镜组的预后良好率（26.3%,25/95）高于显微镜组（15.1%,14/93）,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论神经内镜治疗早期基底节区HICH较显微镜手术快速安全、视野清晰,且患者的预后更好。     

开颅血肿清除和硬通道穿刺治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的疗效对比

目的：对比开颅血肿清除和硬通道穿刺治疗高血压基底节区脑出血的效果及预后。方法回顾性分析2005年1月～2013年12月我科192例高血压脑出血的临床资料,其中开颅血肿清除术（开颅组）和穿刺引流术（微创组）各96例。2组年龄、性别、血肿侧别及Glasgow昏迷评分差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。对比2组术中出血量、术后残余血肿量、手术时间、住院时间和术后3周及6个月的临床疗效。结果与开颅组比较,微创组手术时间短[中位数31（24～39） min vs．152（131～170）min,Z＝-11．975,P＝0．000],术中出血少[30例0 ml、66例＜5 ml vs．（332．4±20．2）ml],术后住院时间短[中位数14（10～17）d vs．64（44～75）d,Z＝-44．217,P＝0．000],但术后残余血肿量多[中位数13（8～17）ml vs．7（4～12）ml, Z＝-11．573,P＝0．000]。治疗3周后,微创组Glasgow 预后评分高[中位数4（2～4）分 vs．3（1～4）分,Z＝-8．215,P＝0.000],Barthel指数高[（59．9±4．5） vs．（54．9±4．9）,t＝7．370,P＝0．000]。治疗6个月,微创组Glasgow预后评分高[中位数3（2～4）分vs．2（1～4）分,Z＝-7．448,P＝0．000],Barthel指数高[（64．3±8．4） vs．（59．7±6．8）,t＝4．156,P＝0．000],2组病死率差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。结论微创颅内血肿硬通道穿刺引流术在一定程度上明显优于开颅血肿清除术,值得临床推广应用。     

立体定向手术与内科治疗中小量基底核区高血压性脑出血的对比研究

目的研究中小量（15～40m1）基底核区高血压性脑出血应用立体定向治疗与内科保守治疗对患者病死率、运动功能及预后的影响。方法2003年1月～2013年1月,我院收治中小量基底核区高血压性脑出血164例,其中82例行立体定向手术抽吸结合尿激酶引流治疗,另82例行内科保守治疗。比较2组血肿清除时间、30d病死率、患侧肢体运动功能和90d格拉斯哥预后评分（Glasgow outcome score,GOS）。结果立体定向治疗组血肿消散时间（3.8±1.1）d,明显短于内科治疗组的（19.9±3.5）d（t=-39.463,P=0.000）。2组30d病死率差异无显著性。立体定向组治疗30d病肢肌力4～5级[43.9％（36／82）vs.28.0％（23／82）,X^2=4.474,P=0.034]和90 d GOS 5分者的比例明显高于内科治疗组[53.7％（44／82）vs.36.6％（30／82）,X^2=4.826,P=0.028]。结论对于中小量高血压性脑出血,行立体定向手术治疗比内科治疗能明显加快血肿清除时间,改善患者的功能预后。     

微创软通道技术与外科开颅治疗大量基底节去脑出血疗效比较

目的探讨微创软通道技术与外科开颅手术治疗高血压性大量基底节区脑出血的临床疗效比较。方法采用回顾性分析方法,收集我院神经ICU及神经外科收治的大量基底节脑出血（70—100mL）手术治疗患者85例,其中外科开颅组40例和微创手术组45例。对两组治疗效果进行回顾性分析。结果两组患者术后2周GCS评分、术后3个月死亡率、mRs评分,无显著性差异P〈0．05。住院住院费用,及住院天数,微创手术组显著优于外科开颅组,两者具有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论对于大量基底节区脑出血患者而言,微创手术与去骨瓣手术疗效无差异,但是较去骨瓣手术减少住院天数以及住院费用。故微创手术是外科去骨瓣手术的较好的替代方案。     

Excessive disgust caused by brain lesions or temporary inactivations: mapping hotspots of the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum

Disgust is a prototypical type of negative affect. In animal models of excessive disgust, only a few brain sites are known in which localized dysfunction (lesions or neural inactivations) can induce intense ‘disgust reactions’ (e.g. gapes) to a normally pleasant sensation such as sweetness. Here, we aimed to map forebrain candidates more precisely, to identify where either local neuronal damage (excitotoxin lesions) or local pharmacological inactivation (muscimol/baclofen microinjections) caused rats to show excessive sensory disgust reactions to sucrose. Our study compared subregions of the nucleus accumbens shell, ventral pallidum, lateral hypothalamus, and adjacent extended amygdala. The results indicated that the posterior half of the ventral pallidum was the only forebrain site where intense sensory disgust gapes in response to sucrose were induced by both lesions and temporary inactivations (this site was previously identified as a hedonic hotspot for enhancements of sweetness ‘liking’). By comparison, for the nucleus accumbens, temporary GABA inactivations in the caudal half of the medial shell also generated sensory disgust, but lesions never did at any site. Furthermore, even inactivations failed to induce disgust in the rostral half of the accumbens shell (which also contains a hedonic hotspot). In other structures, neither lesions nor inactivations induced disgust as long as the posterior ventral pallidum remained spared. We conclude that the posterior ventral pallidum is an especially crucial hotspot for producing excessive sensory disgust by local pharmacological/lesion dysfunction. By comparison, the nucleus accumbens appears to segregate sites for pharmacological disgust induction and hedonic enhancement into separate posterior and rostral halves of the medial shell.