The relationship of superior labralanteroposterior (SLAP) lesions and pseudolaxity to shoulder injuries in the overhead athlete

Understanding the effect of superior labral lesions on the function of the shoulder is essential to successfullytreating the overhead athlete. Recognizing the pseudolaxity owing to superior labral anteroposterior (SLAP) lesions and the pathological "peel-back" sign is critical in evaluating the injured shoulder in general and repairing the SLAP lesion in particular. The mechanical characteristics of suture anchors are more favorable than tacks in resisting the pathological forces responsible for the peel-back mechanism. The higher success rate of arthroscopic suture anchor repair of SLAP lesions in comparison with open capsulolabral reconstruction suggests that SLAP lesions are the usual cause of the "dead arm" syndrome. In our experience, arthroscopic repair of SLAP lesions can return the overhead athlete to their preoperative level of function in the vast majority of cases (87% return to preoperative level for two or more seasons).     

Traumatic aortic injury: an imaging review

Traumatic aortic injury (TAI) is a major cause of fatality in high speed deceleration injuries. It accounts for 10–20% of fatalities in blunt chest trauma. These injuries are usually related to high-speed motor vehicle and motorcycle collisions, pedestrian–motor vehicle collisions, and falls. Only 10–20% of patients who suffer TAI survive the initial injury and reach the emergency department. If left untreated, 30% die within 6 h, 40–50% die within 24 h, and 90% die within 4 months. A chronic pseudoaneurysm will develop in 2–5% of patients whose injury is not diagnosed. It is imperative, therefore, that these injuries are detected promptly and accurately. Symptoms and physical examination findings are nonspecific. External evidence of chest wall injury is present in 7–90% of cases, so that in up to 30% of the cases no apparent chest injury is identified on physical examination. Chest radiographs are very sensitive in detecting mediastinal hemorrhage, but have a low positive predictive value for aortic injury. The positive predictive value for chest radiography ranges between 5% and 20% for TAI. Aortography has been considered the gold standard for many years in the evaluation of TAI, but is time-consuming, labor- and resource-intensive, and invasive. Because of the shortcomings of physical examination and these more traditional imaging examinations, computed tomography (CT) has become increasingly utilized as a screening and diagnostic tool. Recent investigations have documented its high sensitivity and specificity in the detection of TAI. This article reviews the recent investigations of imaging evaluation of TAI, with a focus on helical CT. Electronic Publication     

Identifying patients at risk for intracranial and extracranial blunt carotid injuries

BACKGROUND: Blunt carotid injuries are rare, often occult, and potentially devastating. Angiographic screening programs have detected this injury in up to 1% of blunt trauma patients. Implementing a liberal angiographic screening program at our hospital is impractical and we want to identify a high-risk group to target for screening. We hypothesize that intracranial and extracranial carotid injuries have different risks, presentations, and outcomes. METHODS: Patients with intracranial and extracranial carotid injuries were identified from the British Columbia trauma registry. Presentation and outcome were reviewed. To facilitate statistical modeling the analysis was done by matching cases to 5 randomly selected controls. Risk factors for injury were evaluated by univariate and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 35 carotid injuries were identified. Thirteen intracranial injuries were identified in 10 patients. Twenty-two extracranial injuries were identified in 18 patients. Sixty-seven percent of patients with intracranial injuries and 31% of those with extracranial injuries died (P = 0.11). Eleven percent of intracranial injuries and 56% of extracranial injuries were occult (P = 0.04). Glasgow outcome scores were 2.04 intracranial and 3.12 extracranial (P = 0.18). For intracranial injuries the multiple variable predictive model had two predictors: Glasgow Coma Score or =3). CONCLUSIONS: Intracranial injuries were frequently detected on initial investigations and have very poor outcomes. Extracranial injuries were more frequently occult and stand to benefit from early detection by screening programs. As independent risk factors for these two injuries differ, limited screening resources should focus on risk factors for occult extracranial injury: namely, low GCS and significant thoracic injury.     

Management of liver trauma with implications for the rural surgeon

Background: The majority of patients with liver trauma can be managed conservatively. However, the unstable patient requires emergency laparotomy to control bleeding. Controversy exists regarding the primary surgical management of these injuries. This is of particular relevance for the isolated rural general surgeon. Methods: The literature was reviewed by searching MEDLINE databases from 1966 to the present time. The majority of the evidence presented is level 3, with interpretations and recommendations based on the experience of the senior authors. Results: In the majority of patients, conservative management remains the mainstay of treatment. However, haemodynamic ­instability requires urgent laparotomy. Perihepatic packing should be used to arrest bleeding. Primary anatomical resection is rarely indicated, especially in non‐specialist centres. Conclusion: In the remote rural setting, severe liver trauma remains a daunting condition for the general surgeon to manage. Primary surgical treatment should be perihepatic packing, stabilization and urgent transfer; there is no place for primary anatomical resection outside specialist units.     

亚低温对重型颅脑损伤患者颅内压及预后的影响

目的观察亚低温对重型颅脑损伤患者颅内压及预后的影响。方法100例重型颅脑损伤根据病情分为两组：亚低温治疗组(50例)于伤后12 h内控制直肠温度在32～35℃,维持5～7 d。对照组(50例)除不行降温外,其余与亚低温治疗组相同。观察颅内压的变化,根据GOS评估法判定疗效。结果与对照组比较,亚低温组患者颅内压明显降低,恢复良好率升高,病死率降低(P＜0．05)。结论亚低温具有明显的脑保护作用,能降低颅高压,改善预后。     

复方丹参注射液对氧化损伤血管内皮细胞的保护作用

[目的]探讨复方丹参注射液对氧化损伤血管内皮细胞的保护作用及其机制.[方法]用过氧化氢损伤内皮细胞,MTT法检测其存活率,分光光度法检测细胞培养上清液中的MDA含量,免疫细胞化学染色法检测细胞表面细胞间ICAM-1的表达.[结果]血管内皮细胞受到氧化损伤后,细胞存活率明显降低,MDA含量明显增加,细胞间ICAM-1表达明显增加,而预先加入复方丹参注射液可改善上述结果.[结论]复方丹参注射液通过其抗脂质过氧化作用,对氧化损伤的血管内皮细胞具有保护作用.     

脑功能损伤引发心律失常临床分析

目的通过分析脑功能损伤引发心律失常(Arrhythmia,AHM)的临床资料,进一步提高对脑功能损伤引发AHM的认识,减少病死率。方法326例脑功能损伤引发心律失常患者均于发病48h内行颅脑CT检查,来诊4d内行ECG或/和Holter检查,必要时行心电监护,跟踪复查。结果(1)脑出血性患者引发AHM的几率高于脑梗死性患者(P<0.05);(2)左侧基底核-丘脑及大脑皮质功能损伤引发的缓慢型AHM多于右侧(P<0.05),右侧基底核-丘脑及大脑皮质功能损伤引发的快速型AHM多于左侧(P<0.05)。结论(1)左侧大脑半球以支配副交感神经为主,右侧大脑半球以支配交感神经为主;(2)左侧岛叶皮质受刺激引发缓慢型AHM,右侧岛叶皮质受刺激引发快速型AHM;(3)脑功能损伤导致儿茶酚胺分泌增加,并在心肌积聚,造成心肌损害,引发AHM。     

伪装与非伪装认知功能损伤事件相关电位P300比较研究

目的 探讨检测认知功能损伤的神经电生理技术。方法以年龄、性别、文化程度及脑损伤程度基本匹配的伪装与非伪装认知功能损伤各10例脑外伤患者为研究对象，并以上述条件相匹配的10例正常人作埘照。通过高低音听觉刺激高低概率范式（oddball）引发P300,并同步记录被试判断高低音和简单图片的正确率.结果①伪装组、非伪装组及正常对照组三组听觉高低音和简单图片判断的正确率的差异均有显著性，伪装组显著低于非伪装组和正常对照组（P〈0．01）；伪装组高低音判断的正确率仅为34．7％，图片判断的正确率为45．8％；而非伪装组和对照组的正确率均在90％以上。②三组在额点（Fz）、中央点（Cz）、顶点（Pz）三个导联上的P300潜伏期及低、高概率事件的P300幅值差值的差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论事件相关电位P300潜伏期及幅值差值对伪装认知功能损伤的诊断能够提供间接的神经电生理学佐证依据.     

不同剂量放射线照射对大鼠学习记忆能力的损害

目的了解不同放射剂量对大鼠学习记忆能力的影响及其关系。方法分组采用直线加速器对Sprague-Dawley大鼠进行全脑照射,剂量分别为10Gy、20Gy、30Gy、40Gy,并设未照射组为对照。在照射前及照射后7d,20d,60d分别进行Morris水迷宫实验,分析各组大鼠行为学检测结果,采用平均逃避潜伏期和搜索策略两个指标评价大鼠学习记忆能力。同时观察各组脑组织病理变化。结果20Gy、30Gy、40Gy剂量组与对照组及10Gy组照射后不同时间点平均潜伏期和搜索策略差异有显著性(P<0.05)。20Gy组在放射后7d、20d平均逃避潜伏期[(66.57±11.49)s、(51.30±12.45)s]和搜索策略得分[(15.64±2.14)分、(19.64±2.28)分]明显下降,60d时潜伏期[(40.05±10.98)s]和搜索策略得分[(26.42±2.59)分]有所恢复,30Gy和40Gy组在放射后60d仍没有恢复。30Gy组和40Gy组病理检查显示神经元萎缩变性,白质梳松。结论学习记忆能力检测可作为判断放射性脑损害的敏感指标,20Gy以上剂量放射线照射可降低大鼠学习记忆能力。     

军事训练致指尖离断的再植修复

目的探讨部队人员在军事训练中致手指指尖离断进行再植的临床应用。方法采用逆行法断指再植创新技术和局部麻醉方法,对训练致手指指尖离断实行再植24例(指)。结果成活23指,术后随访6～12月,手指长度与健侧相等,指甲生长良好,外形满意,手指功能恢复至正常。结论指尖再植方法简便易行,可在90min内完成再植手术,既适应于平时军事训练伤的救治,也为未来军事斗争准备奠定了坚实基础。