江苏省2005-2019年接受抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS合并HBV感染情况分析

目的 分析2005-2019年江苏省抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS的HBV感染情况。方法 采用回顾性资料分析,研究对象来源于中国疾病预防控制信息系统艾滋病防治基本信息系统江苏省2005-2019年HIV/AIDS首次入组抗病毒治疗数据库,采用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计学分析。分析不同特征HIV/AIDS的HBsAg检测率和HBsAg阳性率的差异及其影响因素,单因素分析采用χ²检验,多因素分析采用非条件logistic回归模型。结果 2005-2019年江苏省首次入组抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS共29 288例,总体HBsAg检测率为49.8%（14 594/29 288）,2005-2019年HBsAg检测率由0.0%（0/80）增加到75.2%（3 448/4 586）,呈逐年上升趋势。进行HBsAg检测的HIV/AIDS中,江苏省籍占81.6%（11 915/14 594）,男女性别比7.34：1（12 845：1 749）,年龄（38.5±13.8）岁,汉族占96.1%（14 023/14 594）,已婚/同居占48.9%（7 131/14 594）。男男性传播和异性性传播感染途径占97.9%（14 294/14 594）。logistic回归分析结果显示,HBsAg检测率的影响因素中,2015年及以后入组、外省户籍、已婚/同居、大专及以上文化程度、注射吸毒感染途径的人群HBsAg检测率较高。HIV/AIDS的HBsAg阳性率为8.6%（95%CI：8.2%~9.1%）,HBsAg阳性率在2016年之前均>10.0%,自2016年以后稳定在6.7%~8.2%。HBsAg阳性率的影响因素中,2015年及以后入组、女性、年龄>59岁、大专及以上学历人群的HBsAg阳性率较低,而45~59岁年龄组和少数民族人群的HBsAg阳性率较高。结论 2005-2019年江苏省首次入组抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS中,HBsAg检测率总体不高,合并HBV感染高于一般人群,需要加强其HBsAg相关检测工作。     

Concentrating stroke care provision in the Czech Republic: The establishment of Stroke Centres in 2011 has led to improved outcomes

This article describes policy processes that have led to the re-organisation of stroke care in the Czech Republic since 2011, which has been part of a broader process of care concentration in several medical fields. Currently, stroke care is provided by 13 Comprehensive and 32 Primary Stroke Centres. The paper explains factors that supported the reform implementation, reviews implications, and discusses future challenges.Mandatory reporting of quality indicators, the introduction of a benchmarking system, integration with pre-hospital emergency care, and the introduction of countrywide patient triage have supported more timely treatment for stroke patients and better quality of care. Data from the Stroke Care Quality Indicators of the Czech Stroke Society show positive trends in many areas: the number of patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis quadrupled in eight years, with 26.4 % of all acute stroke patients receiving thrombolysis in 2018. Czech Republic now ranks third in Europe in the number of thrombolysis per population and second in the number of mechanical thrombectomies per population. The Czech experience provides an example of positive outcomes of concentrated stroke care, while highlighting the importance of proper implementation processes. In particular, it is essential to involve stakeholders and to provide reputational incentives through continuous benchmarking.     

A surveillance study of patterns of reirradiation practice using external beam radiotherapy in Japan

The aim of this study was to survey the present status and patterns of reirradiation (Re-RT) practice using external beam radiotherapy in Japan. We distributed an e-mail questionnaire to the Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology partner institutions, which consisted of part 1 (number of Re-RT cases in 2008–2012 and 2013–2018) and part 2 (indications and treatment planning for Re-RT and eight case scenarios). Of the 85 institutions that replied to part 1, 75 (88%) performed Re-RTs. However, 59 of these 75 institutions (79%) reported difficulty in obtaining Re-RT case information from their databases. The responses from 37 institutions included the number of Re-RT cases, which totaled 508 in the period from 2009 to 2013 (institution median 3; 0–235), and an increase to 762 cases in the period from 2014 to 2018 (12.5; 0–295). A total of 47 physicians responded to part 2 of the survey. Important indications for Re-RT that were considered were age, performance status, life expectancy, absence of distant metastases and time interval since previous radiotherapy. In addition to clinical decision-making factors, previous total radiation dose, volume of irradiated tissue and the biologically equivalent dose were considered during Re-RT planning. From the eight site-specific scenarios presented to the respondents, >60% of radiation oncologists agreed to perform Re-RT. Re-RT cases have increased in number, and interest in Re-RT among radiation oncologists has increased recently due to advances in technology. However, several problems exist that emphasize the need for consensus building and the establishment of guidelines for practice and prospective evaluation.     

揿针穴位埋针对社区H型高血压 痰湿壅盛证的临床疗效研究

摘 要：目的： 探讨揿针穴位埋针对社区 H型高血压痰湿壅盛证的临床疗效,为 H型高血压的治疗提供参考。方法： 将 80例H型高血压痰湿壅盛证患者按照随机单盲法分为对照组（n=40）和治疗组（n=40）。对照组给予含马来酸依那普利叶 酸片（依叶片）的降压方案进行治疗。治疗组在对照组基础上给予揿针穴位埋针法进行治疗,连续治疗 28天后进行临床疗 效比较。结果： 治疗后,治疗组患者Hcy水平、中医证候积分较对照组显著降低;且治疗组证候积分比对照组显著减少;治 疗组患者血脂水平较对照组显著改善。结论： 在依叶片降压方案治疗的基础上,给予揿针穴位埋针可显著改善 H型高血压 痰湿壅盛证患者的血压、Hcy和血脂水平,且安全性较高,对肝肾功能无影响。     

洛匹那韦/利托那韦联合干扰素治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎的疗效

目的　探讨洛匹那韦/利托那韦联合干扰素治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎（新冠肺炎）的有效性及安全性。方法　选取2020年1月3日—4月7日于我中心住院治疗的62例新冠肺炎确诊患者作为研究对象,并将其分为治疗组（43例）和对照组（19例）,其中对照组采用常规对症支持治疗,治疗组在对照组常规治疗基础上使用洛匹那韦/利托那韦抗病毒治疗;同时,根据患者临床分型对上述患者实施非重症组与重症组亚组分析。比较对照组和治疗组核酸转阴时间、住院时间、退热时间、症状缓解时间及药物不良反应发生情况。结果　在非重症组患者中,治疗组与对照组在退热时间、症状缓解时间、核酸转阴时间及住院时间方面的差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）;而在重症组患者中,治疗组核酸转阴时间显著长于对照组[（23.62±2.12 ）d vs.（9.25±0.95）d],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。在药物不良反应方面,治疗组腹泻发生率为46.5%,显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,但均为轻到中等程度腹泻,经对症治疗后腹泻症状消失。结论　洛匹那韦/利托那韦联合干扰素治疗新冠肺炎非重症患者效果不明显,治疗重症患者,核酸转阴时间更长,虽临床应用总体安全性较好,但存在腹泻等不良反应,不推荐使用。     

艾滋病合并重度血小板减少临床特征分析

目的　报告艾滋病合并重度血小板减少患者3例,并结合文献搜索讨论其有效治疗方法,为进一步提高临床诊治提供经验。方法　回顾分析3例艾滋病合并重度血小板减少患者的临床资料,讨论其有效治疗方法。结果　3例患者临床表现主要为全身皮肤瘀点、瘀斑,其中2例伴发黏膜出血。3例患者中2例在出现血小板减少时未启动抗病毒治疗,另1例患者已行抗病毒治疗2年,但CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数仍＜200个/μl。3例患者均使用甲泼尼松龙联合强效抗病毒治疗,后续贯泼尼松龙巩固治疗。1例患者激素治疗无效,行脾切除术。经过治疗3例患者血小板均逐渐恢复并出院。结论　HIV相关性血小板减少的发生可能与HIV在体内持续活跃复制有关,早期以强效抗病毒治疗联合激素冲击疗法为首选方案,可明显改善患者生活质量及结局。     

“三位一体”个案干预模式对北京地区HIV/AIDS患者ART启动时间和治疗依从性影响

目的　本研究探讨了一种由医生、护士和非政府组织共同参与的“三位一体”个案干预模式,用以缩短从确诊HIV感染到开始抗反转录病毒治疗（antiretroviral therapy, ART）的时间,提高患者的依从性,改善ART效果。方法　将2012年1月—2013年12月在北京佑安医院确诊的HIV/AIDS患者作为对照组,接受常规诊疗程序。2015年1月—2016年12月确诊的HIV/AIDS患者作为干预组,接受“三位一体”个案干预模式。比较2组ART启动时间及治疗依从性的差别及可能的影响因素。结果　共纳入患者4906例,对照组1549例,干预组3357例。干预组从确诊到接受ART的中位时间为35 d,远少于对照组的56 d（Z=-10.087,P=0.001）。与对照组相比,干预组患者有更好的治疗依从性（89.2% vs. 95.3%,P=0.000）。 ART启动时间与个案干预模式的实施存在线性关系,且呈负相关。结论　接受“三位一体”个案干预模式的HIV/AIDS患者能更快的启动ART,有更好的治疗依从性和队列保持率,可以在全国实施HIV个案干预模式,减轻AIDS负担。