急性苯中毒对小鼠末梢血象和骨髓细胞构成的影响

取３２只２～３个月的ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小白鼠，随机分为４组，每组８只，第１组为对照组，其余３个组为实验组，实验组小白鼠左腿皮下注射苯０．３ｍｌ（１５ｍｌ／ｋｇ体重）．注射后分别于２４ｈ，４８ｈ，７２ｈ脱颈处死。观察中毒前、后末梢血象、骨髓细胞、骨髓细胞构成的变化。结果表明，苯中毒时骨髓变化先于末梢血象的变化，骨髓的病变为造血细胞变性、坏死，大量毛细血管扩张、充血，骨髓细胞构成降低，而且骨髓细胞构成中细胞成分降低早于外周血粒细胞减少。     

Rhizomelic Bone Dysplasia with Club-like Femora (Case report and confirmation of a syndrome)

A newborn with rhizomelic bone dysplasia with club-like femora is reported. This is the fourth case Of this easily recognizable, recently reported, congenital bone disease. Maroteaux et al recently reported two patients with rhizomelic bone dysplasia and club-like femora as a distinctive new bone dysplasia. Their observation was confirmed by Gugliantini et al (2) who reported another case. This paper reports a fourth patient with this easily recognisable disorder.     

Inflammatory mediators and the destruction of bone

Bone is remodelled by the coordinated actions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Cellular remodelling occurs in discrete packets of bone, and is regulated by local cytokines produced in the environment of the remodelling cells. These cytokines are secreted by immune cells and by bone cells. In addition, some growth regulatory factors are incorporated into the noncollagenous bone matrix and are released in an active form when bone is stimulated to resorb. Complex interactions between these cytokines and their target cells are responsible for the normal delicate balance between bone resorption and bone formation, and disorders of bone loss are due to imbalances between the rates of resorption and formation.     

A Bayesian approach to subvoxel tissue classification in NMR microscopic images of trabecular bone

NMR microscopy is currently being used as an investigational tool for the evaluation of micromorphometric parameters of trabecular bone as a possible means to assess its strength. Since, typically, the image voxel size is not significantly smaller than individual trabecular elements, partial volume blurring can be a major complication for accurate tissue classification. In this paper, a Bayesian segmentation technique is reported that achieves improved subvoxel tissue classification. Each voxel is subdivided either into eight subvoxels twice the original resolution, or up to four subvoxels along the transaxial direction and the subvoxels optimally classified as either bone or marrow. Based on a statistical model for partial volume blurring, the likelihood for the number of marrow subvoxels in each voxel can be computed on the basis of its measured signal. To resolve the ambiguity of the location of the marrow subvoxels, a Gibbs distribution is introduced to model the interaction between the subvoxels. Neighboring subvoxel pairs with the same tissue label are encouraged, and pairs with distinct labels are penalized. The segmentation is achieved by maximizing the a posteriori probability of the label image using the block ICM (iterative conditional mode) algorithm. The potential of the proposed technique is demonstrated in real and synthetic NMR microscopic images.     

A 4-year controlled clinical study into the use of a ceramic hydroxylapatite implant material for the treatment of periodontal bone defects

10 patients with chronic adult periodontitis who had greater than 1 tooth with infra-bony pockets were treated at the test defects by periodontal flap procedures with implantation of hydroxylapatite particles; the control defects were treated by the same surgical procedures but without the implant. A total of 58 test defects and 59 control defects were treated. Each defect had measurements carried out at given sites on the involved tooth surfaces, the sites being considered for subsequent tabulation purposes under the category of shallow (less than 3 mm) moderate (3-6 mm) and deep (greater than 6 mm) initial pocket depths. There were 146 and 152 shallow sites, 216 and 241 moderate sites and 140 and 133 deep sites, at test and control sites, respectively. Measurements of recession, probing pocket depths and probing attachment levels were made at 6 months and 1, 2, 3 and 4 years. At all sites over the period of the study, for the moderate and deep initial pockets there was a significant reduction in probing depths and an increase in the probing attachment levels. At the 4th year of assessment for the initially deep pockets, the reduction in probing depths was significantly greater for the sites treated with the implant material. In view of the difficult clinical problem posed by the treatment of teeth with deeper periodontal bone defects, further research using either this type of implant material or similar material should be considered.     

Effects of obstructive jaundice on neutrophil production and acquisition of chemotactic activity in the bone marrow

Background and Aims:  Increased numbers and enhanced functions of peripheral neutrophils have been observed in obstructive jaundice. However, the effects of obstructive jaundice on the bone marrow, that is neutrophil production and acquisition of neutrophil chemotactic activity, have been poorly understood. In the present study, differentials of bone marrow cells and chemotactic activity of bone marrow neutrophils were evaluated in bile duct-obstructed rats.
Methods:  Male Wistar rats underwent either bile duct obstruction for 10 days or bile duct obstruction for 4 days followed by 6 days' internal biliary drainage. Differentials of peripheral blood and bone marrow cells were sequentially determined. Chemotactic activity of peripheral and bone marrow neutrophils was evaluated with a modified Boyden method using interleukin-8 (recombinant rat Gro-β) as a chemoattractant.
Results:  Numbers of peripheral neutrophils significantly increased after bile duct obstruction. Significant increases in the myeloid/erythroid (M/E) ratio of bone marrow cells were observed after bile duct obstruction. The neutrophil proliferative pool (promyelocytes and myelocytes) increased initially, followed by an increased neutrophil storage pool (metamyelocytes, bands, and segmented neutrophils). The M/E ratio as well as the neutrophil proliferative and storage pools normalized after internal biliary drainage. Chemotactic activity was enhanced in both peripheral and bone marrow neutrophils after bile duct obstruction, and enhanced chemotaxis was alleviated with internal biliary drainage.
Conclusion:  The present results strongly suggest the principal role of the bone marrow in increasing the number of neutrophils and their chemotactic activity during obstructive jaundice.     

Effects of antisense mediated inhibition of cathepsin K on human osteoclasts obtained from peripheral blood.

Cathepsin K is a cystein protease that displays a proteolytic activity against Type I collagen and is abundantly and selectively expressed in osteoclasts where it plays a critical role in bone degradation. Its direct role in bone tissue has been defined by knock-out mice studies and inhibiting strategies in animals models. However, direct proof of cathepsin K function in human osteoclast model in vitro is lacking. The aim of this study is to analyze cathepsin K expression and localization in human osteoclasts obtained from peripheral blood and to examine cathepsin K function in these cells by antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN) strategy. AS-ODN was added to the culture of osteoclast precursors induced to differentiate by RANKL and M-CSF. AS-ODN treatment produced a significant down-regulation of cathepsin K mRNA (>80%) and protein expression, as verified respectively by Real-time PCR and by immunocytochemistry or Western blot. The cathepsin K inhibition caused an impairment of resorption activity as evaluated by a pit formation assay ( p = 0.045) and by electron microscopy, while the acidification process was unaffected. We demonstrated that antisense strategies against cathepsin K are selectively effective to inhibit resorption activity in human osteoclasts, like in animal models.     

Bone Replacement Materials in Hand Surgery

Abstract Background: In recent years, biomaterials are being found and frequently utilized in bone defects. They have also gained significant precedence in hand surgery. Objectives: The respective requirements for such replacement material will be cited and acknowledged in this article. The individual material groups will also be referred to in this review. An introduction to some of the customary bone replacement materials will be cited and concluded with a corresponding recommendation. Conclusion: The implantation of autologous cancellous bone is still regarded today as the “gold standard”. Nevertheless, the usage of bone replacement material can be an enormous advantage in certain indications. The original article can be found online at There was an error in the author’s affiliation and the address for correspondence was incomplete. Please note the correct institution and complete address: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Hand-, Foot- and Reconstructive Surgery, Kreiskrankenhaus Gummersbach GmbH, Germany. Alexander von Friesen, MD Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Hand-, Foot- and Reconstructive Surgery Kreiskrankenhaus Gummersbach GmbH Wilhelm-Breckow-Allee 20 51643 Gummersbach Germany Phone (+49/2261) 171-575, Fax -449 e-mail: Friesen@kkh-gummersbach.de     

A preliminary study of the relationship between antibiotic administration and changes in bacteriological profile of wound infection in a burn unit

Objective:To investigate the relationship between antibiotic administration and the changes in bacteriological profile in a burn unit. Methods: The data of consumption of different kinds of antibiotics, including total antibiotic consumption [expressed as the number of defined daily doses (DDD)] as well as pathogen identification, were collected in a 8-year period. The constituent ratios of different kinds of antibiotics in total antibiotic consumption to isolation rates of various species of bacteria were calculated, and their correlation was analyzed. Results: Within this period, it was found that the aminoglycosides and first generation cephalosporins were used less frequently, while the polypeptides, carbopenem and macrolides were used proportionally more. At the same time, the isolation rates of Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter sp, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were gradually increased. The constituent ratios of predominant pathogens were correlated to the different kinds of antibiotics consumption in the burn unit. Conclusion: The results suggested that the consumption of different antibiotics was closely related to the trends of emergence of bacterial isolates from infected burn wounds. The result might imply that to regulate the administration of certain antibiotics might help decrease the emergence of certain pathogenic bacteria in burn infections.     

抗生素的合理使用

随着医药工业的发展,新药层出不穷。以抗生素为例,20世纪50年代临床用的抗生素只有青、链、红、氯四大素,现在常用临床的抗生素以有100多种,临床医生长期来忙与医疗任务,如何掌握新药信息,做到合理选药,合理用药,使药物的药理作用转化为治疗效应,已成为临床医生日益关心的问题。1抗生素在临床应用中存在问题1.1常规固定方案长期以来根据以往的经验或资料,正式或非正式采用抗生素治疗方案。如:氨苄西林+庆大霉素、青霉素+庆大霉素、红霉素+氯霉素。由于对致病菌针对性不强,以致延误治疗。1.2抗生素在选择中存在问题随着医药工业的发展,抗生素…