帕金森精神病及其治疗药物研究进展

帕金森精神病（Parkinson’s disease psychosis,PDP）是帕金森病（Parkinson’s disease,PD）晚期患者出现的一种精神病性障碍,PDP的认知和治疗对帕金森病患者十分重要。然而目前对PDP明确的治疗方式尚处于探索和研究状态,寻找合适的治疗药物是PDP研究的热门领域之一。本文综述PDP与PD之间的关系、区别及其诊断标准,围绕PDP现有的临床治疗药物以及处于临床试验阶段的新药研究,详细介绍了PDP的研究与治疗进展。     

我国10家医院静脉药物调配中心抗肿瘤药物环境污染评估及工作人员防护措施效果比较

目的:以环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide,CP)和阿糖胞苷(cytarabine,CAR)为标志物评估我国10家医院静脉药物调配中心(pharmacy intravenous admixture services,PIVAS)环境污染情况及工作人员个人防护效果.方法:将同时检测环磷酰胺和阿糖胞苷的UPLC-M...     

Air monitoring for illegal drugs including new psychoactive substances: A review of trends,techniques and thermal degradation products

The detection of illicit psychotropic substances in both indoor and outdoor air is a challenging analytical discipline, and the data from such investigation may provide intelligence in a variety of fields. Applications of drug monitoring in air include providing data on national and international drug consumption trends, as monitored by organisations such as the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Air monitoring enables mapping of illicit drug manufacturing, dealing or consumption in cities and the identification of emergent compounds including the recent proliferation of new psychoactive substances (NPS). The rapid spread of NPS has changed the global drug market with greater diversity and dynamic spread of such compounds over several nations. This review provides an up to date analysis of key thematic areas within this analytical discipline. The process of how illicit psychotropic substances spread from emission sources to the atmosphere is considered alongside the sampling and analytical procedures involved. Applications of the technique applied globally are reviewed with studies ranging from the analysis of individual dwellings through to major international air-monitoring campaigns providing evidence on global drug trends. Finally, we consider thermal breakdown products of illicit psychotropic substances including NPS that are released upon heating, combustion or vaping and related potential for exposure to these compounds in the air.     

Hepatotoxicity reports in the FDA adverse event reporting system database: A comparison of drugs that cause injury via mitochondrial or other mechanisms

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading reason for preclinical safety attrition and post-market drug withdrawals. Drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity has been shown to play an essential role in various forms of DILI, especially in idiosyncratic liver injury. This study examined liver injury reports submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) for drugs associated with hepatotoxicity via mitochondrial mechanisms compared with non-mitochondrial mechanisms of toxicity. The frequency of hepatotoxicity was determined at a group level and individual drug level. A reporting odds ratio (ROR) was calculated as the measure of effect. Between the two DILI groups, reports for DILI involving mitochondrial mechanisms of toxicity had a 1.43 (95% CI 1.42–1.45; P < 0.0001) times higher odds compared to drugs associated with non-mitochondrial mechanisms of toxicity. Antineoplastic, antiviral, analgesic, antibiotic, and antimycobacterial drugs were the top five drug classes with the highest ROR values. Although the top 20 drugs with the highest ROR values included drugs with both mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial injury mechanisms, the top four drugs (ROR values > 18: benzbromarone, troglitazone, isoniazid, rifampin) were associated with mitochondrial mechanisms of toxicity. The major demographic influence for DILI risk was also examined. There was a higher mean patient age among reports for drugs that were associated with mitochondrial mechanisms of toxicity [56.1 ± 18.33 (SD)] compared to non-mitochondrial mechanisms [48 ± 19.53 (SD)] (P < 0.0001), suggesting that age may play a role in susceptibility to DILI via mitochondrial mechanisms of toxicity. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that reports of liver injury were 2.2 (odds ratio: 2.2, 95% CI 2.12–2.26) times more likely to be associated with older patient age, as compared with reports involving patients less than 65 years of age. Compared to males, female patients were 37% less likely (odds ratio: 0.63, 95% CI 0.61–0.64) to be subjects of liver injury reports for drugs associated with mitochondrial toxicity mechanisms. Given the higher proportion of severe liver injury reports among drugs associated with mitochondrial mechanisms of toxicity, it is essential to understand if a drug causes mitochondrial toxicity during preclinical drug development when drug design alternatives, more clinically relevant animal models, and better clinical biomarkers may provide a better translation of drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity risk assessment from animals to humans. Our findings from this study align with mitochondrial mechanisms of toxicity being an important cause of DILI, and this should be further investigated in real-world studies with robust designs.     

北京市60件抗感染药物用药纠纷调解案例分析及防控措施探讨

目的： 较全面了解北京地区抗感染药物用药纠纷现状,促进抗感染药物合理应用,构建有效的用药纠纷防控措施。方法： 对北京市医疗纠纷人民调解委员会登记的结案日期在2013年1月至2019年12月的全部抗感染药物用药纠纷资料进行回顾性整理,对60件抗感染药物用药纠纷调解案例的分布特点、药品种类、过失原因等进行多角度分析,探讨纠纷防控措施。结果： 抗感染药物用药纠纷大多发生在三级医疗机构（56.7%）;患者女性（65.0%）多于男性（35.0%）;抗感染药物用药纠纷发生较多的科室排名前四分别是呼吸内科、儿科、急诊科、耳鼻喉科;引发用药纠纷的药品种类主要有头孢菌素类、喹诺酮类、青霉素类、氨基糖苷类等;过失原因主要为超剂量（18.9%）、用药禁忌（17.2%）、无适应证用药（17.2%）、未询问过敏史（10.4%）等。结论： 应提高医务人员和患者对抗感染药物用药相关问题的重视,按照有关规范标准合理使用抗感染药物,在各环节建立防控措施,加强抗感染药物处方审核与点评,有效发挥临床药师的专业作用,减少患者用药风险与纠纷的发生。     

系统药理学(Ⅳ)在民族医药和组合药物领域的应用

目的 我国的许多民族医药和组合药物在长期的临床实践中具有显著的疗效,但其活性成分及作用机制尚不清楚,我们探究了系统药理学方法在民族医药和组合药物的应用现状,以期为相关研究者提供参考.方法 将系统药理学方法在藏医药、蒙医药、维吾尔医药等民族医药和组合药物两个领域的研究成果进行汇总、论述和分析.结果 在民族医药的研究中,研...     

我院2017-2019年深部抗真菌药物利用分析

目的:分析评价某三甲专科医院2017-2019深部抗真菌药物的临床使用情况,为深部抗真菌药物的合理规范使用提供参考.方法:利用信息系统,采用金额排序法和用药频度排序法对某三甲专科医院2017-2019年深部抗真菌药物进行统计分析.结果:2017-2019年该院深部抗真菌药物销售金额及所占比例有逐步下降趋势,使用频度排在...     

他汀类联合心血管药物治疗冠心病67例临床观察

目的：观察他汀类联合心血管药物治疗冠心病的临床效果。方法：选取本院2013年1-8月收治的134例冠心病患者,按照随机数字表法将其分为对照组和治疗组各67例。对照组给予常规心血管药物治疗,治疗组在此基础上联用他汀类药物进行治疗,观察比较两组患者的临床治疗效果及血脂改善情况。结果：经治疗,治疗组的总有效率明显优于对照组,比较差异有统计学意义（X2=9.307,P〈0.05）。对照组治疗前后的血脂改善情况比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;治疗组治疗后的血脂指标TC、TG、HDL-C和LDL-C均明显低于治疗前及对照组,比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：在冠心病患者的临床治疗中,他汀类联合心血管药物治疗的疗效理想,血脂改善情况良好,值得在临床中进一步推广和应用。     

偏头痛预防性药物治疗降低血清谷氨酸水平研究

目的探讨谷氨酸在偏头痛中发病机制的作用及水平变化。方法抽选珠海市平沙医院门诊或者住院诊断为偏头痛患者60例,随机分组分为预防性药物治疗组(应用西比灵治疗)和常规药物治疗组,各30例。同时选择60例健康人员作为对照组,不进行任何药物治疗。测量所选对象体内血清谷氨酸水平,比较偏头痛及对照正常组患者用药前及用药后8 w血浆中谷氨酸水平及用药前后头痛发作时间。同时对比治疗组两种方法治疗后患者头痛发作频率。结果药物使用前,治疗组患者谷氨酸水平为(235.6±25.6)μmol/L,明显高于对照组,P<0.01;治疗后8 w,治疗组谷氨酸水平明显下降,与对照组比较,P>0.05;治疗后,预防性药物治疗组患者谷氨酸水平明显降低,发作频率明显减少,与对照组相比,P<0.05。结论偏头痛患者血清内谷氨酸水平明显提高,预防性药物明显能够降低谷氨酸水平,降低头痛发作频率。     

我院2013年104例药品不良反应报告分析

目的：总结药品不良反应（ADR）发生的规律及特点,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法：对2013年本院上报的104例ADR报告进行统计分析。结果：ADR发生率女性略高于男性,老年患者发生率最高,引发ADR的主要给药途径为静脉滴注,累及器官/系统主要为皮肤附件损害,抗感染药发生率最高。结论：加强ADR监测,促进临床合理用药。