Histopathology of tumour associated sarcoid-like stromal reaction in breast cancer

Summary In 5 cases of invasive ductal and lobular carcinoma of the breast multiple epithelioid and giant cell containing granulomas were detected, localized mainly in circumferential regions, but also in the center of the carcinomas. These granulomas were interpreted as sarcoid-like stromal reactions, occurring as sarcoid-like lesions in uni- and bilateral primaries, in a recurrent tumour, and also in axillary lymph nodes. Histopathologically, these granulomas were not quite uniform, some of them corresponding to typical sarcoidosis, others showing marked proliferations of epithelioid or giant cells or containing fibrinoid exudate or necroses. The granulomas were surrounded by dense infiltrates of mononuclear cells. Tuberculosis and mycosis was excluded. There were no hints of generalized sarcoidosis. Pathogenetically, these are reactions in the tumour stroma of varying intensity, and are not caused by necroses of the tumour tissue nor by microbial infections. Such tumour-associated sarcoid-like stroma reactions are interpreted as a T-cell mediated immune response to an antigen expression of the carcinoma acting as the local trigger; in 2 cases they were connected with sarcoid-like lesions of the axillary lymph nodes. Their occurrence in bilateral carcinoma of the breast points to an immunological disposition for this special kind of host-versus-tumour response. The intensity of these changes in a recurrent tumour reflects an immunological hypersensitivity reaction.The pathogenetic and differential diagnostic aspects of epithelioid granulomas of the female breast in chronic granulomatous mastitis, panniculitis, foreign body reaction, rare infections, and in therapeutically induced sarcoidosis are described and discussed.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. K. Lennert, Kiel, in Honour of his 65th Birthday     

Selective kainic acid lesions in cultured explants of rat hippocampus

Summary The influence of the excitotoxin kainic acid (KA) on cultivated explants of rat hippocampus was investigated. Addition of 3 M KA to the culture medium over 24–48 h induced a destruction of the pyramidal cells in the CA3 region, whereas the CA1 pyramidal cells and the granule cells were left undamaged. Higher concentrations (10–100 M) of KA destroyed also the latter cell groups. The selectivity of the KA lesion at 3 M was further indicated by the fact that the acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons in the hippocampus were not destroyed through KA administration and that the stereoisomer dihydrokainic acid was ineffective in inducing lesions. Application of tetrodotoxin did not protect the CA3 pyramidal cells from KA lesion, whereas -glutamylaminomethylsulphonic acid (GAMS) only offered a very small, statistically not significant, protection. Baclofen protected the cultures slightly from KA lesions but not when added together with GAMS. Possible mechanisms responsible for the KA lesions in these cultures are discussed.Supported in part by a grant from the Swiss National Foundation for Scientific Research (No. 3.528.-0.83)     

肝脏局灶性小占位的磁共振信号强度比与病灶性质的相关性

目的 计算肝细胞癌、肝转移瘤、肝脏海绵状血管瘤和肝囊肿的病灶／肝脏磁共振信号强度比（SIR）,并评价其与病灶性质的关系。方法 随机选择经确诊的肝细胞癌、肝转移瘤、肝海绵状血管瘤和肝囊肿病例共92例（148个病灶）行前瞻性磁共振成像（0．5T）研究。计算4种病灶的SIR,并进行统计学分析。结果 在T1W图像上,肝海绵状血管瘤与恶性肿瘤的SIR值间差异无显著性（t=1.799,P=0.075);质子加权像上,良恶性肿瘤的SIR之间无统计学意义（t=0.691,P=0.491);T2WI上,良性病变的SIR显著高于恶性肿瘤（P＜0．01）,且4种病变的SIR值与回波时间（TE）之间均存在线性正向相关关系。结论 在T2WI个测得的SIR可用于区分肝脏占位性病灶的性质。     

早期食管癌的病理形态观察及组织发生学探讨

目的探讨早期食管癌的组织发生学.方法对109例早期食管癌及癌周病变进行病理观察.结果其中20例的一点癌(黄豆大小),3例双原发癌,1例小细胞癌.癌周伴有不同程度的鳞状上皮异形增生和不典型增生.结论早期食管具有多样性生长的特点.提示临床医生在胃镜检查应注意多点取材,以防漏诊;以及正确确定手术范围,防止手术残留.     

成人特发性局灶节段性肾小球硬化病248例临床病理分析

目的 重新评价肾活检标本中特发性局灶节段性肾小球硬化病（FSGS）的发生率、主要临床及病理特点。方法 收集1994年7月～2000年7月间248例特发性FSGS的患者,观察肾组织的光镜、 荧光及电镜的特点,根据肾小球病变将特发性FSGS分为3种亚型。结果 248例成人特发性局灶节段肾小球硬化占同期肾活检的12.4%,占成年人原发性肾小球疾病的19.0%,以18～30岁为发病高峰年龄（约占44.4%）。临床表现为不同程度的蛋白尿,以肾病综合征为表现者143例（占57.7%)。FSGS的3种病理亚型中,经典型FSGS仍占绝大多数（91.5%),尖端型为4.4%,塌陷型为4.1%,肾活检时,约1/3以上为肾功能不全（约占35.1%）。13例尿毒症中76.9%病理亚型为塌陷型。结论 局灶节段性肾小球硬化病约占原发性肾小球病1/5,FSGS患者肾活检时,除表现为蛋白尿、肾病综合征外,肾功能不全也较常见。塌陷型FSGS常表现为进行性的不可逆的肾功能衰竭,其预后差。     

Risk factors to discriminate neoplastic polypoid lesions of gallbladder: A large-scale case-series study

BackgroundPolypoid lesion of gallbladder (PLG) size larger than 10 mm is considered to be one of the surgical indications, but the final pathological results are mostly non-neoplastic polyps. The aim of the study was to define the risk factors to discriminate neoplastic PLG and create more precise criteria for surgical indications.MethodsA large scale, case-series study based on 2704 patients who underwent cholecystectomy for PLG was designed. Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was adopted to identify risk factors and the optimal size criteria for predicting neoplastic PLG.ResultsPatients in the neoplastic group were significantly older than those in the non-neoplastic group and the average PLG size is much larger in the neoplastic group (18.5 ± 4.7 mm vs 12.6 ± 3.6 mm). Neoplastic PLGs are prone to be single and non-neoplastic polyps are usually multiple. On Multivariate logistic regression analysis, PLG size larger than 15 mm and age older than 43 years were found to be the independent risk factors to discriminate neoplastic PLG （Odds ratio 3.546 and 2.77 respectively）. The ROC curve showed that 12 mm might be the more reasonable PLG size threshold for the surgical suggestion.ConclusionsConsidering its moderate diagnostic accuracy, the size of gallbladder polyp larger than 10 mm is insufficient to indicate surgical therapy for PLG and 12 mm should be the more optimal polyp's size threshold. Patients older than 43 years have a higher risk of having neoplastic polyps.     

Actual all-arthroscopic techniques for the treatment of osteochondral defects of the ankle joint

The treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus (OCL) is demanding. Matrix associated techniques are used more and more as a standard, suggestion a more reliable healing. Nevertheless, approaching especially central and medial OCL is still demanding. Medial malleolus osteotomies routineously used, can be a source of morbidity and complications. Improving arthroscopic techniques allow an all-arthroscopic treatment of these defects.     

Morel-Lavallée lesion diagnosed 25 years after blunt trauma

IntroductionMorel-Lavallée lesions are closed degloving injuries in which the skin and subcutaneous tissues separate from the underlying fascia secondary to a shearing force. These injuries are uncommon and can be misdiagnosed in acute settings. If treated incorrectly, they can recur, causing complications requiring multiple surgical interventions. Therefore, it is important to discuss the clinical presentation and imaging characteristics in order to improve their diagnosis and management.Presentation of caseThis is the case of a 44-year-old male patient with a Morel-Lavallée lesion of the left thigh that presented 25 years after trauma. He was successfully treated with open surgical excision. The patient underwent multiple surgical interventions before the lesion was accurately diagnosed and treated.DiscussionMorel-Lavallée injuries can lead to chronic symptoms, such as pain and swelling, affecting the patient’s quality of life. Treatment options include minimally invasive procedures, such as compression bandages or percutaneous drainage. However, if diagnosed late, a fibrotic capsule can form, which may require surgical excision. Our patient was diagnosed more than 20 years after the trauma. Earlier noninvasive treatment options were unsuccessful.ConclusionThe patient was treated with open surgical excision of the chronic lesion. There was no report of any recurrence up to 10 months after surgery. Such lesion treatments should be guided based on the chronicity of the injury and the patient’s symptoms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case with such delayed presentation.     

声学密度定量分析技术评价尿毒症性心肌损害的临床研究

目的：探讨声学密度定量分析技术在尿毒症性心肌损害诊断方面的定量诊断价值。方法：对21例尿毒症及21例正常人心肌各节段声学密度及心肌声学密度校正值（IB％）进行测定及比较。结果：尿毒症患者心肌各节段平均声学密度（AⅡ）均明显高于正常人（P＜0．01）,2组的峰值－峰值密度（PPI）及标准密度差（SDI）差异不显著（P＞0．05）,2组左心腔内PPI、AⅡ、SDI差异均不显著（P＞0．05）,尿毒症组心肌各节段IB％明显高于正常人（P＜0．01）。结论：声学密度定量分析技术能定量、客观地反映尿毒症患者的心肌损害情况,对临床检测尿毒症 损害具有实用价值。     

胃癌前组织和胃癌中Fas基因表达及其与细胞凋亡的关系

目的 探讨胃癌组织及胃癌中Fas基因表达状况及其与细胞凋亡的关系。方法 应用原位杂交和免疫组织化学技术检测10例正常胃粘膜、72例慢性胃炎和53例胃癌中Fas基因的表达,并采用凋亡细胞原位检测方法对组织切片中的凋亡细胞进行观察和比较。结果 正常胃粘膜无Fas基因表达。Fas mRNA在肠化生组织中的表达率为75．00％,显著高于萎缩性胃炎（37．50％,P＜0．01）和胃癌（52．83％,P＜0．05）。Fas蛋白在肠化生组织中的表达率为80．56％,显著高于萎缩性胃炎（37．50％,P＜0．01）、异型增生（55．00％,P＜0．05）和胃癌（45．28％,P＜0．01）。X^2检验表明两种方法检测阳性率差异无显著性。凋亡细胞原位检测结果显示,Fas蛋白表达阳性萎缩性胃炎、肠化生和胃癌组织中的凋亡细胞指数显著高于Fas蛋白阴性组（P＜0．05及P＜0．01）,Fas蛋白表达状态与细胞凋亡指数呈正相关（r=0．393,P＜0．01）。结论 Fas基因对胃癌前组织及胃癌细胞凋亡具有促进性调控作用,细胞凋亡调控异常在胃癌发病中可能起重要作用。