食管癌术后吻合口瘘：（附38例报告）

本文总结了我院31年间胸科540例食管癌切除术后并发吻合口瘘38例的临床总结分析,发生率为7％,治愈好转28例,占73.6％,提出了吻合口痿的发生原因,在中晚期吻合口瘘中提出保守治疗的措施,充分引流是治疗的关健,营养疗法是治疗的基础。另外也提出早期吻合口瘘二次进胸再次吻合。总之,精细吻合技巧,熟练轻柔的操作,防止术中污染、纠正术前的营养不良状态,严格遵守组织愈合的理论原则,是预防吻合口痿的重要因素。     

Insufficiency risk of esophagojejunal anastomosis after total abdominal gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma

Background The outcome and quality of surgical treatment in gastric cancer are closely associated with specific postoperative morbidity and mortality, in addition to an oncosurgically adequate resection status. In this context, a preventive concept of decreasing the insufficiency rate of esophageal anastomosis may have a great impact.Method Over a time period of 12 months (from 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2002), 1,199 patients (from 80 East German hospitals) with gastric carcinoma, carcinoma of the esophagogastral junction, or gastrointestinal stroma tumor (GIST) were enrolled in this prospective multicenter observational study with the aim of evaluating their early postoperative outcome. By means of a logistic regression analysis, independent variables, which alter significantly the healing of esophagojejunal anastomosis, were determined; in addition, their clinical impact on preventive management to lower the insufficiency rate of esophageal anastomosis was investigated.Results In 1,139 patients, histological investigation revealed gastric carcinoma. Out of these patients, 1,031 subjects underwent surgical intervention (90.5%) and 891 individuals underwent resection (86.4%). In 813 patients, radical resection (subtotal resection and gastrectomy) was executed (78.9%), whereas in 726 cases, R₀ resection was achieved (81.5%). Gastrectomy was the preferred procedure in 649 patients, resulting in a gastrectomy rate of 62.9% relating to all patients who underwent operation (curative and palliative intention, 80.3% and 19.7%, respectively). The insufficiency rate of esophagojejunal anastomosis was 5.7% (37/649). Neither the comparison between the various procedures for the reconstruction of the esophagojejunal passage and anastomosing techniques after gastrectomy nor that between gastrectomies with curative and palliative intention revealed any significant difference. Dysphagia and gastric outlet syndrome due to a stenosis were determined as independent variables by a logistic regression analysis of all preoperative and intraoperative variables. In all patients with gastric carcinoma, both parameters were recorded in 9.9% (113/1,139) and 6.7% (76/1,139), respectively.Conclusion Dysphagia and gastric stenosis, which significantly influence the healing of esophagojejunal anastomosis after gastrectomy, are considered characteristics of an advanced tumor growth and a pretherapeutic lack of an adequate nutrition. This emphasizes the necessity of an early diagnosis of gastric cancer in order to lower perioperative morbidity. In addition, dysphagia is commonly associated with an obstruction of the upper gastrointestinal tract, which can lead to nutritional deficits, and thus deserves specific care during preventive management.     

Late anastomotic leaks in pancreas transplant recipients - clinical characteristics and predisposing factors

BACKGROUND: Anastomotic leaks after pancreas transplants usually occur early in the postoperative course, but may also be seen late post-transplant. We studied such leaks to determine predisposing factors, methods of management, and outcomes. RESULTS: Between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 2002, a total of 25 pancreas transplant recipients at our institution experienced a late leak (defined as one occurring more than 3 months post-transplant). We excluded recipients with an early leak or with a leak seen immediately after an enteric conversion. The mean recipient age was 40.3 yr; mean donor age, 31.3 yr. The category of transplant was as follows: simultaneous pancreas-kidney (n = 5, 20%), pancreas after kidney (n = 10, 40%), and pancreas transplant alone (n = 10, 40%). At the time of their leak, most recipients (n = 23, 92%) had bladder-drained pancreas grafts; only two recipients (8%) had enteric-drained grafts. The mean time from transplant to the late leak was 20.5 months (range = 3.5-74 months). A direct predisposing event or risk factor occurring in the 6 wk preceding leak diagnosis was identified in 10 (40%) of the recipients. Such events or risk factors included a biopsy-proven episode of acute rejection (n = 4, 16%), a history of blunt abdominal trauma (n = 3, 12%), a recent episode of cytomegalovirus infection (n = 2, 8%), and obstructive uropathy from acute prostatitis (n = 1, 4%). Non-operative or conservative care (Foley catheter placement with or without percutaneous abdominal drains) was the initial treatment in 14 (56%) of the recipients. Such care was successful in nine (64%) of the 14 recipients; the other five (36%) required surgical repair after failure of conservative care at a mean of 10 d after Foley catheter placement. Of the 25 recipients, 11 underwent surgery as their initial leak treatment: repair in nine and pancreatectomy because of severe peritonitis in two. After appropriate management (conservative or operative) of the initial leak, five (20%) of the 25 recipients had a recurrent leak; the mean length of time from initial leak to recurrent leak was 5.6 months. All five recipients with a recurrent leak ultimately required surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Late anastomotic leaks are not uncommon; they may be more common with bladder-drained grafts. One-third of the recipients with a late leak had experienced some obvious preceding event that predisposed to the leak. For two-thirds of our stable recipients with bladder-drained grafts, non-operative treatment of the leak was successful.     

Results after endoscopic treatment of postoperative upper gastrointestinal fistulas and leaks using combined Vicryl plug and fibrin glue

Background The incidence of clinically relevant anastomotic leaks after upper gastrointestinal surgery is approximately 4% to 20%, and the associated mortality is up to 80%. Depending on the clinical presentation, the treatment options include surgery, conservative treatment with or without external drainage or endoscopic treatment.Methods This report presents nine cases of anastomotic leaks or fistulae after surgery for upper gastrointestinal cancers that were treated by insertion of a Vicryl plug and sealing with fibrin glue. Under sedation, all nine patients underwent endoscopic lavage of the cavity at the site of anastomotic leakage. The entrance to the cavity then was filled with Vicryl mesh and sealed off with fibrin glue. After the procedure, the patients underwent endoscopy and a water-soluble contrast study for assessment of the result.Results Seven of the nine patients had complete healing of the anastomotic leak or fistula after one to two endoscopic treatments. In one case, the treatment failed immediately because of a large and direct tracheoesophageal fistula. Another patient experienced recurrent intrathoracic abscesses after initial technical success.Conclusions Postoperative upper gastrointestinal fistulas or anastomotic leaks can be managed successfully with little morbidity by means of endoscopic insertion of Vicryl mesh with fibrin glue, thereby avoiding repetitive major surgery and its associated risks.     

低位直肠癌保肛手术后发生吻合口漏的原因及处理

目的:探讨低位直肠癌保肛术后吻合口漏的原因及合理有效的防治方法。方法:对我院近10年来出现的低位直肠癌全系膜切除低位吻合手术后吻合口漏的发生及治疗情况进行回顾性分析。对吻合口漏的患者采用手术及保守治疗(骶前双腔管冲洗引流加肛管引流)。结果:共行低位保肛手术348例,术后发生吻合口漏11例,吻合口漏的发生率为3.2%。患者的年龄、吻合技术和肿瘤组织学分型与吻合口漏的发生无关。而患者的性别、肿瘤的大小与吻合口漏的发生密切相关(P<0.05)。11例患者中有3例行手术治疗(HA手术),8例采用保守治疗后均痊愈出院,吻合口漏发生至出院时间平均为10～15d。结论:充分的术前准备和良好的吻合技术是防止吻合口漏发生的关键。正确判断吻合口漏的发生及采用正确的处理方法是治疗的前提,双腔引流管加肛管引流是保守治疗吻合口漏的有效方法。     

预防食管癌术后吻合口瘘的技术研究

目的：探讨食管癌贲门癌术后吻合口瘘的预防措施。方法：手术组：应用胃食管吻合口径一致,食管粘膜延长,深浅间隔进行吻合并附加大网膜包绕吻合口术,连续施行食管癌贲门癌切除食胃吻合术５０６例,对照组,１９９０年以前２０年用常规吻合方法所做的食管癌贲门癌切除食管胃吻合术６２０。结果;手术组无１例吻合口瘘的发生;对照组３１例发生了吻合口瘘,发生率为５％,两组相比显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论：上述方法对预防     

经胃黏膜下层食管胃黏膜单层吻合的愈合实验观察与临床应用

目的通过临床和动物实验,观察经胃黏膜下层食管胃黏膜单层吻合的吻合口愈合质量及其临床应用效果。方法采用本法施行食管癌、贲门癌手术305例患者;另将30只实验猪随机分成两组:①实验组(A组)15只,采用本法吻合;②对照组(B组)15只,采用单层吻合。比较两组术后吻合口的大体、组织学观察、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达水平以及术中、术后的吻合口直径。结果①临床病例术后无一例早期死亡和发生吻合口瘘,有2例发生吻合口狭窄。②A组和B组比较,吻合口黏膜对合好、愈合早、瘢痕薄,VEGF表达水平合理。术后25 d,A组吻合口直径大于B组。结论经胃黏膜下层食管胃黏膜单层吻合法吻合口愈合质量高,能降低吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄的发生。     

食管下段及胃底切除行“围巾式”食管-胃吻合98例分析

目的 介绍“围巾式”食管-胃吻合方法预防食管下段及胃底切除术后吻合口瘘和反流性食管炎的临床经验.方法 回顾分析1996年1月至2013年10月98例食管下段及胃底切除术行“围巾式”食管-胃吻合病例的临床结果.98例中男性61例,女性37例;年龄42～83岁,中位年龄65岁.肝硬化门静脉高压症并食管下段胃底静脉曲张出血78例,早期食管胃结合部癌15例,贲门及胃底部间质瘤5例.术后86例获得随访,随访率为87％,随访时间3～60个月,中位随访时间42个月.结果 98例中,1例术后发生残胃断口处吻合口瘘,其余97例均未发生吻合口瘘.无发生反流性食管炎病例.5例(5.1％)病人术后发生吻合口狭窄,经胃镜下球囊扩张后缓解,改进技术后再无吻合口狭窄发生.结论 “围巾式”食管-胃吻合可减少食管下段及胃底切除术后吻合口瘘和反流性食管炎,是一种安全、有效的消化道重建方式.     

食管贲门癌术后吻合口瘘性脓胸的防治探讨

目的探讨食管贲门癌术后吻合口瘘性脓胸发生的原因、诊断方法及防治措施. 方法对1972～2003年间手术切除的食管贲门癌4 890例中发生吻合口瘘性脓胸的42例临床资料进行回顾性分析. 结果全部行胸腔闭式引流,12例放置上、下胸管,采用30%乙醇胸腔灌洗加负压吸引治疗,痊愈;25例再次手术,其中2例颈部带血管蒂肌瓣填塞瘘口治愈,23例瘘口缝合后用医用生物蛋白胶或大网膜填塞、仅4例死亡;5例因中毒性休克、衰竭,不能再次手术而死亡. 结论严格选择病例、充分做好术前准备、注意手术操作、改进吻合方法、加强术后处理是预防吻合口瘘性脓胸的关键.     

Retroportal Hepaticojejunostomy for Extended Resection of Hilar Bile Ducts

High hepatic duct resection sometimes is unavoidable in achieving curative resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma, as tumor cells can extend further than expected along the bile ducts from the macroscopically evident cancer. In patients undergoing left hemihepatectomy with caudate lobectomy whose bile duct must be severed at the subsegmental bile duct levels, the orifices of the posterior bile ducts would lie behind the right portal vein. Conventional hepaticojejunostomy would be risky in such cases because an anastomosis performed in the usual manner would be subjected to strain. Instead, between 2002 and 2004, three patients underwent retroportal hepaticojejunostomy using a jejunal limb mobilized and positioned behind the hepatoduodenal ligament. Primary tumors were classified as type IV in the Bismuth–Corlette classification. Tension-free hepaticojejunal anastomosis was performed successfully in all three patients; insufficiency of the hepaticojejunostomy did not develop. Neither early nor late complications directly related to this method occurred. Retroportal hepaticojejunostomy, thus, permits more peripheral resection of the hepatic duct while providing a sufficient operative field for safe, tension-free anastomosis. This technique is very useful for patients undergoing left hemihepatectomy requiring high hilar resection of the bile duct.