The Krotkoff sound

As the auscultatory method of blood pressure measurement relies fundamentally on the generation of the Korotkoff sound, identification of the responsible mechanisms has been of interest ever since the introduction of the method, around the turn of the century. In this article, a theory is proposed that identifies the cause of sound generation with the nonlinear properties of the pressure-flow relationship in, and of the volume compliance of the collapsible segment of brachial artery under the cuff. The rising portion of a normal incoming brachial pressure pulse is distorted due to these characteristics, and energy contained in the normal pulse is shifted to the audible range. The pressure transient produced is transmitted to the skin surface and stethoscope through deflection of the arterial wall. A mathematical model is formulated to represent the structures involved and to computer the Korotkoff sound. The model is able to predict quantitatively a range of features of the Korotkoff sound reported in the literature. Several earlier theories are summarized and evaluated.     

积分加权法评价磷化学烧伤实验病理的意义与应用

目的：积分加权法在病理组织学检查中的应用，方法：在常规病理描述基础上，采用积分加权法将病理结果予以定量，综合评价致伤后实验动物的主要脏器，结果：实验动物同等面积的磷酸烧伤各脏器积分降低，钙治疗后则显著改善，均与其它方面报道的资料一致，结论：积分加以数值使各脏器损伤程度一目了然，对不同脏器间的损伤情况有可比性，从而有助于了解主要受损脏器与总体的关系以及药物的治疗效果。     

改良式剖宫产术50例临床分析

探讨改良式剖宫产术的临床价值。方法：采用香港周杰医师１９９１年创立的一套改式剖宫产术对５０例产妇进行手术并与同期腹部横切口传统剖宫产术进行比较。结果：改良式剖宫产术所用时间短,术中出血小,术后排气暗暗科痛轻、产褥病发生率低。住院时间短,与对照组比较有明显差异。     

Establishing priorities for European collaboration in communicable disease surveillance

Background: Several collaborations in communicable disease surveillancehave developed between European Union member states. Involvementin these activities takes time and money. It is vital that collaborationsare established in areas most likely to be beneficial. An exercisewas undertaken to inform national surveillance centres and theEuropean Commission as to priority areas for the developmentof collaborations. Methods: A modified Delphi exercise was undertakenamongst the heads of centres with responsibilities for surveillanceat national level in the member states of the EU. Participantsdeveloped, agreed and ranked criteria for developing collaborations.A list of communicable diseases and syndromes was then rankedusing a Likert-type scale. Three rounds were undertaken. Betweenrounds, scores and a ranking were fed back showing where participantshad ranked items, compared to the overall mean and rank distribution.For the third round participants were asked to use a categoricalscale, nominating six or ten high priority disease areas. Results:Response rates were 87.5% for round 1, 44% round 2 and 87% round3. The low round 2 response rate appeared to be because respondentsdid not wish to alter their rankings. The six high priorityareas were outbreaks of gastroenteritis/food poisoning, CID/otherslow virus infections, serious imported diseases, legionellosis,antimicrobial resistance and tuberculosis. When participantsgave ten high priority areas meningococcal disease, travel advice,vaccination/immunization and influenza were also included. Thefinal lists were accepted at the meeting of participants. Conclusions:The process was successful in developing both a priority listand consensus.     

KD306型耐硫甲烷化催化剂有效扩散系数的测定

基于开发的计算机取样系统,采用ＳＰＳＲ法脉冲动态测试ＫＤ３０６型耐硫甲烷化催化剂的有效扩散系数。线性化和参数估值的结果吻合较好,证实：线性化简化是合理的,参数估值是可用于有效扩散系数。ＫＤ３０６型耐硫甲烷化催化剂的曲折因子为７．２。     

单宁酸——氯化铁法媒染肝微血管的光镜研究

目的：光镜下观察单宁酸－－氯化铁法媒染的肝内微血管构筑。方法：用单宁酸配制的混合媒染固定液灌流大鼠,取肝脏冰冻切片,入氯化铁溶液中呈色。结果：肝小叶中央静脉、肝血窦以及小叶间动、静脉、小叶下静脉均显示良好,肝小叶周边有很横断面的血窦,肝板较饱满,窦壁上有许多细丝缠绕。结论：单宁酸－－氯化铁法可很好地显示肝内微血管构筑,小叶周边存在与中央静脉平行的血窦。     

导管法测定大鼠肺循环血流量的研究

目的：研究一种新的导管法测定肺循环血流量。方法：分离右侧颈外静脉,将塑料导管自右侧颈外静脉插入,经上腔静脉、右心房和右心室插入肺动脉。用上海产ＳＪ—４２型四导生理记录仪记录生理参数。结果：肺循环血流量可按公式ＱＰ＝ＭＰＡＰ·△ＱＭＰＡＰ－ＭＰＡＰ计算,式中△Ｑ是每分钟自肺循环流入容量测定计的血量,算得的ＱＰ＝２９．６２±３．７３ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ,在大鼠的肺循环血流量正常范围之内。结论：该方法精确而且操作简便     

A method for the follow-up of clusters of adverse reproductive outcomes

Clusters of adverse reproductive outcomes are reported with increasing frequency to public health authorities. Most are random events and only a very small proportion is likely due to identifiable environmental agents. Often, a preliminary study confirms the existence of a spatial and temporal excess but no biologically plausible cause is found. These cases require a follow-up of incidence to identify any continuing excess. A conceptually simple fixed window technique of follow up is proposed. The power of the test is mainly influenced by the magnitude of the increase in rate, the number of adverse outcomes selected for observation and the acceptable false alarm rate. This technique has several advantages compared with other currently used methods. From a public health point of view, two important factors are to be considered in setting the parameters of the test: the delay in providing an answer for the community and the availability of resources for conducting environmental investigations.     

基于自适应方向滤波的左心室轮廓提取

提出基于自适应方向滤波方法来提取左心室轮廓。在噪声的干扰下,引入经平滑处理的方向滤波能够得到精确的边缘,所获得的边缘方向矢量能够在边缘跟踪时对边缘走向预测,同时对参数进行自适应地调整。通过尽量少的人机交互,算法能够自动提取出左心室的轮廓。实验证明该算法增加了边缘提取的精度和一致性,同时显著地降低了计算复杂度。     

角膜异物分区分级和记录方法

目的探讨角膜异物分区、分级及记录方法。方法对５６０例角膜异物分区、分级研究,在此基础上提出一种较为适用的记录方法,并用此指导临床实践。结果角膜异物有其分布特点,区、级不同,治疗及愈后不同。用此记录方法指导临床实践准确方便,不会出现误治漏治。结论角膜异物分区、分级及记录方法在临床上科学实用,在法医学上亦有使用价值