A cross-sectional study of the prevalence and severity of maxillofacial fractures resulting from motor vehicle accidents in Riyadh,Saudi Arabia

ObjectivesTo investigate the prevalence and severity of maxillofacial fractures resulting from motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study of 325 males (89%) and 47 females (9%) was conducted that retrospectively reviewed records of patients referred to oral and maxillofacial surgery department from emergency department from 1st January 2016 to 31st December 2017 at KAMC, Riyadh.ResultsA total of 372 subjects were included in the study. MVAs (80%) were the most prevalent cause of trauma. The age range most susceptible to MVAs was between 20 and 24 years old (28%). The most common site of fracture was the midface (64%), specifically orbit (32%). For mandibular fractures, the subcondylar was the most common site of fractures (19%). The most common treatment approach was conservative (65%). In terms of severity, approximately half of patients needed admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) (50%); the mean score on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was 11.34, but most scores fell in the mild range; and (68%) of subjects presented with other associated systemic injuries, especially orthopedic injuries (36%).ConclusionsMVAs were the main cause of trauma and affected mainly young males. The most common site of fracture was midface, specifically orbit. Subcondylar was the most prevalent fracture site for mandibular fractures. The severity of MVAs injuries was significantly higher compared to non-MVAs injuries. We suggest enforcing legislation and regulations on road safety such as the use of compulsory seat belts.     

重庆市行人道路交通伤害分析

目的 分析重庆市部分地区道路交通事故致行人伤亡特点. 方法 从“道路交通事故数据库”调取2000 -2006年重庆市1个主城区、1个近郊区、1个农村地区行人伤害交通事故数据,分析行人事故严重度、行为与位置及其损伤等情况. 结果 7年间3个支队辖区发生道路交通事故致行人损伤7 934人,占所有受伤人员的24.74％,行人死亡867人,占所有死亡人员的49.46％.农村地区行人事故烈度明显强于主城区和近邻区.57.91％的行人伤亡发生在行人横穿马路,15.43％的行人伤亡发生人行横道线上.行人伤亡主要集中在主干路、3级公路和次干路上,但1级公路、2级公路和等外公路事故烈度最强,分别为3.17,4.31和5.42.重伤中行人损伤比例达52.46％,高于轻中度损伤.行人损伤以头部伤最多见,重度损伤中胸部伤也是常见类型之一.结论 在重庆市交通事故死亡人员中,行人占到一半,在农村地区更为突出;其事故原因以行人违章穿行车行道为主;值得重视的是处于人行横道的伤亡行人比例较高,提示在交通安全与生命价值的教育、管理与执法等方面还需有针对性加强.行人严重交通事故伤害以头部和胸部损伤为主,救治中需特别重视.     

陕西省高速公路交通事故流行病学调查分析

目的　了解陕西省高速公路交通事故的流行病学特点。　方法　对 1994～ 1999年西安至铜川、西安至宝鸡、西安至渭南三条高速公路交通事故原始档案资料进行整理统计。　结果　 (1)交通事故呈逐年上升趋势 ,7,8,11月交通事故发生频度高 ,伤亡人数以 8,11,12月为多 ,交通事故以 6 :0 0～ 8:0 0和 14 :0 0～ 16 :0 0为高峰时间 ;(2 )驾驶员肇事引起的交通事故占 6 4 .3%(75 1 116 8) ;(3)驾龄 <5年的驾驶员引起的交通事故占 5 4 .2 % (6 33 116 8) ;(4 )年龄 <15岁的儿童因违章上路所致死亡占此类人群的第一位 ;(5 )大货车参与交通事故占 36 .3% (776 2 136 ) ;(6 )晴天时发生的交通事故占 6 4 .0 % (74 8 116 8)。　结论　针对人、车、路、环境和管理等诸多因素 ,采取积极有效的措施是降低高速公路交通事故的根本途径。     

睾丸交通伤24例临床分析

目的：总结睾丸交通伤的诊治体会。方法：24例睾丸交通伤，年龄18－61岁。其中20例合并其他部位损伤；10例行阴囊B超检查；11例立即手术治疗，13例保守治疗。同时，与同期睾丸非交通伤30例进行对照分析。结果；手术治疗11例中，3例发现睾丸破裂行睾丸切除术，其余8例采用血肿清除术；保守治疗13例中，5例延期手术。睾丸交通伤的主要特点：（1）睾丸损伤程度重；（2）合并伤多；（3）容易漏误诊；（4）临床表现严重而复杂。结论：睾丸交通伤应早期手术，但当合并其他部位损伤时，应根据患者伤情程度及局部情况等决定。早期诊断，及时治疗是治愈本病的关键。     

沈大高速公路驾驶员交通伤特点分析

目的总结沈阳-大连高速公路(以下简称沈大高速公路)驾驶员交通伤的特点及规律。方法采取流行病学调查方法，收集1990—2001年沈大高速公路交通事故原始记录，经计算机处理有关数据。结果沈大高速公路12年间发生交通事故2384起，伤亡驾驶员占伤亡总人数的38．45％(1321／3436)。胸部创伤居首位，占创伤部位总数的30．44％(869／2855)。颅脑伤居致死原因首位，占38．73％(158／408)。结论高速公路驾驶员创伤比非驾驶员严重，驾驶员胸部是事故防护与救护的重点关注对象。     

陕西省高速公路交通事故伤亡特点

目的 研究陕西省高速公路交通事故伤亡的基本特点。方法 采用流行病学调查方法对陕西省1994-1999年西安-铜川，西安-渭南，西安-宝鸡三条高速公路交通事故1168起。伤亡1691人的基本资料进行回顾性分析。结果 高速公路交通事故的主要原因是驾驶员肇事，交通事故伤类型以机械性创伤为主，合并烧伤也较为常见，受伤人员以乘客最多；但车外人员有较高的死亡率；车内人员中驾驶员多发伤死亡率最高，为42.3%(180/426)。随着受伤部位增加，死亡率增高，院前死亡率高达69.5%(314/452)，死亡原因前三位依次是颅脑伤44.7%（320/716），胸部伤25.4%(182/716)，腹部伤16.5%(118/716)。结论 高速公路交通伤中多发伤多，致死性损伤多，死亡率高。     

Patients' Experiences of Injury as a Result of Epilepsy

Summary: Purpose: The increased risk of mortality among people with epilepsy is well documented; people with epilepsy are more likely than the general population to die as a result of an accident. Data about incidence of nonfatal accidents and associated factors are not so readily available, even though such accidents are more common than fatal injuries. We report the proportion of people who sustain various injuries during a seizure and the key variables predicting injury. Methods: Questionnaires were mailed to an unselected, community-based population of patients with epilepsy. The questionnaire included clinical and demographic details, previously validated scales of psychosocial well-being, and questions about seizure-related injuries. Results: Of patients who had had at least one seizure during the previous year, 24% sustained at least one head injury, 16% sustained a burn or scald, 10% a dental injury, and 6% some other fracture. Seizure type, seizure severity, and seizure frequency were key predictors of having sustained at least one of these four seizure-related injuries. Key predictors of budscald were seizure severity, seizure frequency and sex; those of head injury were seizure severity and type; that of dental injury was seizure severity; and those of some other fracture were seizure severity, duration of epilepsy, and three or more drug-related adverse effects. Conclusions: These data help identify significant risk factors associated with seizure-related injuries and so facilitate sensible patient counseling about how the risks of such injuries can be minimized.     

Accident and its correlates in a psychiatric hospital

The literature on accidental and violent minor injuries in hospitals is reviewed. From it hypotheses about the causes and correlates of such accidents are derived. These theories are tested on a 2-year sample of accidents in a 2,400-patient mental hospital, using standard multivariate statistical procedures, Age, psychiatric disability, and sex prove to be corelates of rates of injury. Social disorganization is shown to be the intervening variable in the common theory that crowding leads to violent injury.     

Effects of loprazolam and of triazolam on psychological functions

Twelve poor sleepers of mean age 52 years performed 2 h of laboratory tests three times on 1 day during each week of nightly intake of loprazolam 0.5 mg, loprazolam 1 mg, triazolam 0.5 mg, or continued placebos. Only in the mornings did loprazolam 1 mg cause impairment in manual dexterity and card-sorting, and triazolam 0.5 mg in manual dexterity. Using difference from baseline, withdrawal of either drug after 3 weeks was associated with poorer subjective quality of sleep than following continuing placebos. The rate of spontaneous complaints (including accidents) associated with the drugs was as informative as formal testing.     

Are falls more common than road traffic accidents in pediatric trauma? Experience from a Level 1 trauma centre in New Delhi, India

Purpose: The epidemiology of pediatric trauma is different in different parts of the world. Some researchers suggest falls as the most common mechanism, whereas others report road traffic accidents (RTAs) as the most common cause. The aim of this study is to find out the leading cause of pediatric admissions in Trauma Surgery in New Delhi, India. Methods: Inpatient data from January 2012 to September 2014 was searched retrospectively in Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre Trauma Registry. All patients aged 18 years or less on index presentation admitted to surgical ward/ICU or later taken transfer by the Department of Trauma Surgery were included. Data were retrieved in predesigned proformas. Information thus compiled was coded in unique alphanumeric codes for each variable and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 21. Results: We had 300 patients over a 33 month period. Among them, 236 (78.6%) were males and 64 (21.3%) females. Overall the predominant cause was RTAs in 132 (43%) patients. On subgroup analysis of up to 12 years age group (n=147), the most common cause was found to be RTAs again. However, falls showed an incremental upward trend (36.05% in up to 12 age group versus 27% overall), catching up with RTAs (44.89%). Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS) ranged from 0 to 12 with a mean of 8.12 ± 2.022. 223 (74.33%) patients experienced trauma limited to one anatomic region only, whereas 77 (25.66%) patients suffered polytrauma. 288 patients were discharged to home care. Overall, 12 patients expired in the cohort. Median hospital stay was 6 days (range 1e182). Conclusion: Pediatric trauma is becoming a cause of increasing concern, especially in the developing countries. The leading cause of admissions in Trauma Surgery is RTAs (43%) as compared to falls from height (27%); however, falls from height are showing an increasing trend as we move to younger age groups. Enhancing road safety alone may not be a lasting solution for prevention of pediatric trauma and local injury patterns must be taken into account when formulating policies to address this unique challenge.