如何接种卡介苗

卡介苗(下以BCG表示)于1978年被纳入儿童计划免疫至今，全国已使用数亿人次。BCG是由卡介菌经培养后冻干制成的，接种后可使机体产生细胞免疫应答而起到预防结核病(TB)。接种BCG时，从接种对象的确定，疫苗的吸取，部位的选取，部位的消毒，进针的角度等一系列工序，都十分严格。现浅谈笔者在接种BCG时的一点体会。     

早期胚胎发育障碍的免疫因素分析

引起早期胚胎发育障碍的原因很多，随着基础免疫学及免疫遗传学研究的飞速发展，免疫异常引起的早期胚胎发育障碍越来越引起人们的重视。     

呼吸机用于重症肌无力危象患者的护理

重症肌无力是神经肌肉接头间神经传递障碍的一种自身免疫性疾病,而肌无力危象是患者的主要死亡原因.重症肌无力危象是由于呼吸肌麻痹、呼吸无力、气道内分泌物聚集,导致严重缺氧.紧急施行气管切开后实施机械通气辅助呼吸是其重要的抢救手段.     

端粒酶逆转录酶、环氧化酶-2在乳腺癌中的表达及其意义

目的 探讨端粒酶逆转录酶(hTERT)和环氧化酶(cox)-2在乳腺浸润性导管癌中的表达及其临床意义.方法 使用免疫组织化学法分别检测45例乳腺浸润性导管癌和22例乳腺良性病变标本的hTERT和COX-2蛋白表达情况.结果 hTERT在乳腺浸润性导管癌中阳性表达率fig71.11%,明显高于乳腺良性病变9.09%,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).hTERT阳性表达与乳腺浸润性导管癌患者的年龄、肿瘤大小、腋窝淋巴结转移情况及雌、孕激素表达水平无相关性(P>0.05),与Her-2表达存在显著相关性(P<0.05).COX-2在乳腺浸润性导管癌中的阳性表达率为82.22%,明显高于乳腺良性病变50.00%,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).COX-2阳性表达与乳腺浸润性导管癌患者腋窝淋巴结转移情况、Her-2、ER阳性表达有关(P<0.05).在乳腺浸润性导管癌中hTERT阳性表达与COX-2阳性表达呈正相关(r=0.557,P<0.01).结论 hTERT与COX-2在乳腺浸润性导管癌中的表达显著高于在乳腺良性病变中的表达,hTERT与COX-2在乳腺癌的发生、发展中起重要作用.hTERT表达与COX-2表达存在显著相关性,COX-2的过度表达可能是端粒酶激活和调节的机制之一.     

转化生长因子β1对坐骨神经移植后免疫耐受的影响

背景：转化生长因子β1是一种强效细胞生长增殖调节蛋白,在移植免疫的抗排斥反应、移植物血管病发展中扮演重要角色。 目的：观察经冷冻处理异体神经移植后，局部注射转化生长因子β1对移植免疫排斥反应的影响。 设计、时间及地点：随机对照动物实验，于2007-06/2008-06在哈尔滨医科大学动物实验中心完成。 材料：受体为清洁级SD大鼠60只，分为3组：自体神经移植组、异体神经移植组、转化生长因子β1质粒+异体神经移植组，每组20只。供体为40只Wistar雄性大鼠。pAdTrack-CMV-TGF-β1质粒、pAdEasy-1-Bj51833细胞由哈尔滨医科大学附属四院骨科实验室惠赠。 方法：取供体大鼠40只作双侧股后外侧纵切口,分离显露坐骨神经,切取双侧整段坐骨神经,置于无菌冷冻管中保存1周,备用。手术显微镜下将受体鼠自骨二头肌与半腱肌和半膜肌间隙剪开结缔组织，显露坐骨神经，从犁状肌孔下0.5 cm处整齐剪下长约1 cm的坐骨神经。自体神经移植组、异体神经移植组选择粗细相等、已预制冷冻的自体及异体神经移植；转化生长因子β1质粒+异体神经移植组异体神经移植后于大鼠局部肌肉及神经两断端内注射pAdTrack-CMV-TGF-β1质粒40 μg/只。 主要观察指标：术后3，6，9周各组大鼠运动神经传导速度、病理学和轴突计数检查。 结果：转化生长因子β1质粒+异体神经移植组运动神经传导速度高于新鲜异体神经移植组(P < 0.01)，与自体神经移植组比较差异无显著性意义。自体神经移植组、转化生长因子β1质粒+异体神经移植组术后9周轴突计数较新鲜异体神经移植组高(P < 0.01)。转化生长因子β1质粒+异体神经移植组光镜及电镜可见神经纤维走行正常，排列完好，神经纤维可见血管增生，髓鞘结构较好，神经纤维内见有大量再生髓鞘，许旺细胞明显增多，胞质较发达，大量粗面内质网，线粒体结构清晰，再生的轴突内微丝密集排列，与自体神经移植组接近。异体神经移植组光镜及电镜可见神经纤维数量少、排列紊乱，髓鞘轴突变性明显，大部分神经纤维脱髓鞘崩解，轴突消失，未见再生的神经纤维。 结论：局部注射转化生长因子β1质粒联合冷冻处理的冷藏异体神经移植可以协同减轻移植后产生的免疫排斥反应。     

Changes in T .lymphocyte subsets after severe traumatic brain inJury

BACKGROUND： Besides local changes of cranial parenchymal cells, hemorrhage, etc., severe traumatic brain injuries also cause the changes of total body fluid and various functions, and the changes of lymphocytes and T lymphocyte subsets should be paid more attention to. OBJECTIVE： To reveal the changing laws of T lymphocyte subsets after severe traumatic brain injury, and compare with mild to moderate brain injury. DESIGN： A comparative observation. SETTINGS： Department of Neurosurgery, Longgang District Buji People＇s Hospital of Shenzhen City; Central Laboratory of Shenzhen Hospital of Prevention and Cure for Chronic Disease. PARTICIPANTS： All the subjects were selected from the Department of Neurosurgery, Longgang District Buji People＇s Hospital of Shenzhen City from August 2002 to August 2005. Thirty patients with severe brain injury, whose Glasgow coma score （GCS） was ≤ 8 points, were taken as the experimental group, including 21 males and 9 females, aging 16 - 62 years. Meanwhile, 30 patients with mild traumatic brain injury were taken as the control group （GCS ranged 14- 15 points）, including 18 males and 12 females, aging 15 -58 years. All the subjects were in admission at 6 hours after injury, without disease of major organs before injury Informed consents were obtained from all the patients or their relatives. METHODS： （1） The T lymphocytes and the subsets in peripheral blood were detected with immunofluorescent tricolor flow cytometry at l, 3, 7 and 14 days after injury in both groups. （2） The conditions of pulmonary infections were observed at 4 days after injury. The differences of measurement data were compared with the t test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Changes of T lymphocytes subsets at 1 - 14 days after severe and mild or moderate traumatic injury. RESULTS： Finally, 28 and 25 patients with mild to moderate traumatic brain injury, whereas 25 and 21 patients with severe traumatic brain injury were analyzed at 7 and 14 days respectively, and the missed ones died due to the development of disease. （1） Changes of T lymphocyte subsets： At 1 and 3 days after injury, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8 began to decrease, whereas CD8 increased in the experimental group, which were very significantly different from those in the control group （t =2.77 - 3.26, P 〈 0.01）, and began to recover at 7 days, which were significantly different from those in the control group （t = 2.06 - 2.24, P 〈 0.05）, and generally recovered to the normal levels at 14 days （P 〉 0.05）. （2） Conditions of pulmonary infections： At 4 days after injury, the rate of pulmonary infection was significantly different between the experimental group and control group [73% （22/30）, 0, x2=37.29, P 〈 0.01]. CONCLUSION： Patients with severe traumatic brain injury suffer from damages of cellular immune function at early period （within 7 days）, and they are easily to be accompanied by pulmonary infections.