内皮素-1在不同月龄大鼠神经细胞中的表达

目的研究内皮素-1(endothelin-1,ET-1)在不同月龄大鼠神经细胞中表达变化,为探讨纹状体易卒中机制、揭示脑血管病发病机制提供参考资料。方法应用链霉亲和素-生物素复合物免疫组化染色法观测1~2个月龄、6~7个月龄及>24个月龄3组共36只Wistar大鼠神经细胞ET-1的表达。结果随大鼠月龄增加,ET-1在纹状体、颞叶皮质、海马区表达增加,>24个月龄组纹状体、颞叶皮质、海马区ET-1阳性反应强度与其他2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),同月龄组纹状体、颞叶皮质、海马区的ET-1表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论ET 1在神经系统的表达,可能与老年人易发生脑血管病有关。     

Lipid Levels: A Link Between Cardiovascular Disease and Osteoporosis?

Epidemiological observations support a positive relationship between cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and osteoporosis, where cholesterol has been indicated to be a possible link. Only a few studies have investigated the relation between lipids and BMD, but the association remains unclear. We studied the relationship between serum lipids and BMD of the calcaneus. A cross‐sectional population‐based study was performed, based on data from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, including 620 men and 635 women, 65–88 yr of age. BMD was measured by quantitative ultrasound (QUS), velocity of sound (VOS; m/s), and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA; dB/MHz). Models were adjusted for age, body mass index, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, testosterone, and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D. No association was found between total cholesterol (TC) and QUS. Men and women in the highest quartile of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐c) had a significantly lower QUS (men—VOS: β = ?20.8, p = 0.00; BUA: β = ?5.2, p = 0.02; women—VOS: β = ?18.6, p = 0.00) compared with men and women in the lowest quartile. An even stronger positive association was seen between TC/HDL‐c ratio and QUS (men—VOS: β = 21.8, p = 0.00; BUA: β = 5.5, p = 0.01; women—VOS: β = 19.2, p = 0.00; BUA: β = 3.6, p = 0.05). Our analysis shows that the lipid profile that is favorable in the prevention of CVD (i.e., high levels of HDL‐c and low TC/HDL‐c ratio) is unfavorable for QUS. These results indicate that HDL‐c levels do not explain the association between osteoporosis and CVD.     

Secular trends in hip fracture incidence and recurrence

Summary  The decline in hip fracture incidence is now accompanied by a further reduction in the likelihood of a recurrent hip fracture among survivors of the first fracture. Introduction  Hip fracture incidence is declining in North America, but trends in hip fracture recurrence have not been described. Methods  All hip fracture events among Olmsted County, Minnesota residents in 1980–2006 were identified. Secular trends were assessed using Poisson regression, and predictors of recurrence were evaluated with Andersen–Gill time-to-fracture regression models. Results  Altogether, 2,752 hip fractures (median age, 83 years; 76% female) were observed, including 311 recurrences. Between 1980 and 2006, the incidence of a first-ever hip fracture declined by 1.37%/year for women (p < 0.001) and 0.06%/year for men (p = 0.917). Among 2,434 residents with a first-ever hip fracture, the cumulative incidence of a second hip fracture after 10 years was 11% in women and 6% in men with death treated as a competing risk. Age and calendar year of fracture were independently associated with hip fracture recurrence. Accounting for the reduction in first-ever hip fracture rates over time, hip fracture recurrence appeared to decline after 1997. Conclusion  A recent reduction in hip fracture recurrence is somewhat greater than expected from the declining incidence of hip fractures generally. Additional research is needed to determine the extent to which this can be attributed to improved patient management.     

Bone Mineral Accrual Across Growth in a Mixed-Ethnic Group of Children: Are Asian Children Disadvantaged from an Early Age?

We investigated the contribution of ethnicity, physical activity, body composition, and calcium intake to bone accrual across 7 years of growth. We assessed 80 Caucasian and 74 Asian boys and 81 Caucasian and 64 Asian girls at baseline and retained 155 children across all 7 years. Ethnicity, physical activity, and calcium intake were assessed by questionnaire; fat mass, lean mass, and bone mineral content (BMC) of the whole body (WB), lumbar spine (LS), total proximal femur (PF_TOT), and femoral neck (FN) were measured using DXA (Hologic QDR 4500). We aligned children on peak height velocity and utilized multilevel modeling to assess bone mineral accrual. Height and lean mass accounted for 51.8% and 44.1% of BMC accrual in children. There was a significant difference in physical activity, calcium intake, and lean mass between Asians and Caucasian boys and girls at baseline and conclusion (p < 0.05). In boys, physical activity and ethnicity significantly predicted BMC accrual at the FN. In girls, Asians had significantly lower PF_TOT and FN BMC. Calcium was a significant predictor of WB BMC accrual in boys and girls. In conclusion, our findings highlight the importance of accounting for ethnicity in pediatric studies. Physical activity, dietary calcium, and lean mass positively influence bone accrual and are lower in Asian compared to Caucasian children from a very young age.     

Fall injuries in Baghdad from 2003 to 2014: Results of a randomised household cluster survey

IntroductionFalls incur nearly 35 million disability-adjusted life-years annually; 75% of which occur in low- and middle-income countries. The epidemiology of civilian injuries during conflict is relatively unknown, yet important for planning prevention initiatives, health policy and humanitarian assistance. This study aimed to determine the death and disability and household consequences of fall injuries in post-invasion Baghdad.MethodsA two-stage, cluster randomised, community-based household survey was performed in May of 2014 to determine the civilian burden of injury from 2003 to 2014 in Baghdad. In addition to questions about household member death, households were interviewed regarding injury specifics, healthcare required, disability, relatedness to conflict and resultant financial hardship.ResultsNine hundred households totaling 5148 individuals were interviewed. There were 138 fall injuries (25% of all injuries reported); fall was the most common mechanism of civilian injury in Baghdad. The rate of serious fall injuries increased from 78 to 466 per 100,000 persons in 2003 and 2013, respectively. Fall was the most common mechanism among the injured elderly (i.e. ≥65 years; 15/24 elderly unintentional injuries; 63%). However, 46 fall injuries were children aged <15 years (49% of unintentional injuries) and 77 were respondents aged 15–64 years (36%). Respondents who spent significant time within the home (i.e. unemployed, retired, homemaker) had three times greater odds of having suffered a fall injury than student referents (aOR 3.34; 95%CI 1.30–8.60). Almost 80% of fall injured were left with life-limiting disability. Affected households often borrowed substantial sums of money (34 households; 30% of affected households) and/or suffered food insecurity after a family member's fall (52; 46%).ConclusionFalls were the most common cause of civilian injury in Baghdad. In part due to the effect of prolonged insecurity on a fragile health system, many injuries resulted in life-limiting disabilities. In turn, households shouldered much of the burden after fall injury due to loss of income and/or medical expenditure, often resulting in food insecurity. Given ongoing conflict, civilian injury control initiatives, trauma care strengthening efforts and support for households of the injured is urgently needed.     

Serum osteoprotegerin and its relationship with bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare age-related differences in osteoprotegerin (OPG) in relationship with BMD and the serum bone markers osteocalcin (OC), collagen crosslinks (CTX), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b). Methods: Data were derived from a cross-sectional study on bone health in a random sample of community-dwelling adults aged 30 to 85 years in the Reykjavik area in Iceland. All subjects had whole body, hip, and lumbar spine BMD measured (by DXA), gave blood samples, and answered a thorough questionnaire on medications and medical history. We assessed relationships using the Spearman correlation coefficient, partial correlation, and multivariable linear regression. Men and women were analyzed separately. Results: Of 2,310 subjects invited over 2 years, 1,630 participated. After excluding individuals with diseases and medications affecting bone metabolism, 517 women (age 56.1 ± 16.9 years) and 491 men (age 58.7 ± 14.9 years) remained for analysis. OPG increased steadily with age in both genders without a gender difference. In women, BMD at all sites declined steadily after age 50. In men, BMD remained relatively stable until age 70, after which it declined significantly. After controlling for age, BMI, and other confounding variables, OPG showed only a borderline positive relationship with whole body BMD in men (P=0.10), but the relationship was nonsignificant in women. In multivariable models, OPG was inversely related to TRACP-5b (P=0.002) and positively with OC (P=0.007), the OC/TRACP-5b (P=0.001) and OC/CTX (P=0.02) ratios in women. Among men, multivariable models showed a positive association between OPG and OC (P=0.05) and OC/TRACP-5b (P<0.009). Conclusions: We conclude that serum OPG levels are associated with a profile of bone turnover markers favoring bone formation, suggesting that OPG may be protective against age-related bone loss. Longitudinal studies are needed to address that issue.     

Age-related quadriceps-dominant muscle atrophy and incident radiographic knee osteoarthritis

Muscle atrophy is common in the elderly. However, the etiologic role of muscle atrophy associated with osteoarthritis of the knee has not been studied in detail. We assessed the association between age-related muscle atrophy around the knee joint and incident radiographic osteoarthritis of the knee. Twenty-one women in their thirties and 17 women in their sixties participated. They had no history, symptoms, or objective findings of any knee problems, and none of the participants was limited in performing daily activities. Radiographs of the knee joint were graded for the presence of osteoarthritis, and the cross-sectional imaging around the knee joint was carried out using computed tomography. Incident radiographic osteoarthritis was observed in 6 of the 17 women in their sixties. Quadriceps-dominant muscle atrophy was marked in the elderly women with radiographic osteoarthritis. In a multivariate analysis, the risk of incident radiographic osteoarthritis of the knee was significantly increased among women with a higher hamstrings/quadriceps cross-sectional area ratio. The results suggest the possibility that age-related quadriceps-dominant muscle atrophy may play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis of the knee.     

清热消癥方对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾损伤的保护作用研究

背景 清热消癥方对糖尿病肾病(DKD)肾损伤有保护作用,然而机制尚不十分明确。目的 探讨清热消癥方在单侧肾切除联合链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的DKD大鼠肾损伤中的保护作用及机制。方法 2019年7—11月,将30只SPF级健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(NC组,n=10)和模型组(n=20)。NC组大鼠于右肾体表解剖位置做1 cm的横行切口并缝合;模型组大鼠予右侧肾切除。1周后,大鼠伤口愈合后,NC组大鼠给予等量柠檬酸缓冲液腹腔注射;模型组大鼠予单次腹腔注射STZ(55 mg/kg)的方法构建DKD模型。成模后将模型组大鼠随机分为DKD亚组(n=10)和清热消癥方亚组(QRXZF亚组,n=10)。NC组和DKD亚组大鼠灌服等量(1 ml/100 g)0.9%氯化钠溶液,1次/d。QRXZF亚组大鼠以7.92 g·kg^-1·d^-1的剂量予中药灌胃。干预期间每周对大鼠称重。干预16周后留取大鼠24 h尿、血清、肾组织标本,并称取肾脏重量,计算肾重指数。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测大鼠24 h尿微量白蛋白(24 hUpro)水平,全自动生...     

压力后负荷增高大鼠心肌肥厚向心力衰竭的转变

目的探讨增龄对C57BL/6N小鼠运动功能、自发活动和记忆功能的影响。方法分别构建3、6、12、16和20月龄组,每组20只,雄雌各半。转棒实验、爬杆实验评价各组小鼠运动功能;小鼠自发活动箱检测各组动物自发活动量;跳台实验评价各组动物环境恐惧性记忆机能。结果6月龄小鼠转棒潜伏期显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),同时较其他各组亦表现出较短的爬杆时间(P<0.05);6、12和16月龄动物自发活动量显著高于其他各月龄组(P<0.01)。跳台实验中小鼠被动逃避反应的记忆保持能力呈随龄性降低。结论增龄过程中C57BL/6小鼠运动功能、自发活动和环境恐惧性记忆机能表现出不同变化模式。     

中药天年饮对衰老大鼠脑谷氨酸含量的影响

目的:观察中药天年饮对衰老大鼠不同脑区谷氨酸(glutamic acid,Glu)含量的影响.方法:40只SD大鼠随机分为4组,正常组、衰老模型组、天年饮用药组、阴性对照组,每组均为10只.D-半乳糖连续腹腔注射制作亚急性衰老的大鼠模型.采用高效毛细管电泳法检测各组大鼠大脑皮质、海马Glu的含量.结果:衰老大鼠皮质、海马Glu的含量明显升高(P＜0.01);中药天年饮可明显降低衰老大鼠各脑区Glu的含量(P＜0.01).结论:中药天年饮可改善衰老大鼠脑谷氨酸的代谢,具有延缓脑老化的作用.