Effect of environment on extremely severe road traffic crashes：retrospective epidemic analysis during 2000-2001

Objective: To make an epidemiological analysis of the effect of environment on extremely severe road traffic crashes (RTCs). Methods: Epidemiologic data of extremely severe RTCs associated with environmental factors, including weather, topography, road conditions and other traffic conditions in Mainland China during 2000-2001, were collected and analyzed. Results: ( 1 ) During 2000-2001, there were 3 365 extremely severe RTCs with 13 666 deaths, 12 204 injuries and a direct economical loss of 136 million RMB. ( 2 ) Most extremely severe RTCs occurred in fine weather days and in the daytime. The high occurrence sites were plain areas, horizontal and straight roads, Grade B and C roads, ordinary road segment, and asphalt, smooth and mixed roads. (3) Compared with other RTCs, extremely severe RTCs were more likely to happen under following conditions: on cloudy, snowing, misty and blustering days; in hill and mountainous areas; on crooked and sloping roads; on freeway, Grade A, B, and C roads; mixed roads; ordinary, bridge, narrow and transitional roads; sand and dirt-roads; without traffic control measures; night without lighting. (4) Extremely severe RTCs of mountainous area or crooked and sloping roads were most severe in terms of deaths and injures per crash. Conclusions: Extremely severe RTCs are closely related with environmental factors. Rational road programming, enhancing road establishment and improving road conditions are probably effective measures to reduce the road traffic injuries.     

重庆地区驾驶员血液中乙醇浓度与驾驶能力的关系

目的　探讨重庆地区驾驶员血液中乙醇浓度 (BAC)和驾驶能力的关系 ,为交通安全立法提供科学依据。　方法　随机选择重庆地区 59名驾驶员志愿者 ,建立饮酒后驾车模型、科学的BAC测定以及驾驶能力评价体系 ,对不同BAC下驾驶能力进行测评。　结果　受试者出现驾驶能力损害时的BAC均数为 685.9mg/L ,最小值 190 .0mg/L ,最大值 152 0 .0mg/L ,总体均数 95%可信区间为 60 2 .4～ 70 9.5mg/L。汉族和土家族间、汉族男性和女性间、2 3～ 3 5岁和 3 6～ 56岁年龄组间差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5) ,而既往饮酒量不同的三个组别间差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5)。随着BAC增高 ,驾驶能力受损人数增加。在 2 0 0 .0mg/L有 3 % (2 / 59)的受试者驾驶能力降低 ,80 0 .0mg/L则达到 68% (40 / 59)。　结论　随着BAC增高 ,重庆地区驾驶员驾驶能力受损人数比例增加 ,出现驾驶能力明显损害时BAC为 60 2 .4～ 70 9.5mg/L ,既往酒量较大人群中该值较高     

Mortality among young immigrants to California: injury compared to disease deaths

According to a variety of indicators, immigrants are in better health than the U.S.-born population. Little research, however, has investigated foreign- and U.S.-born differentials in mortality. We investigated adolescent and young adult immigrants' risk of death due to disease and injury, the leading cause of death of young persons in the United States. The death certificates of 15- to 34-year-old California residents who died from 1989 through 1993 comprised the study population. Disease and injury deaths were identified using ICD-9 codes on the California Master Mortality data files. Frequencies and gender-standardized rates and risk ratios were calculated by nativity (U.S., non-U.S.) and by ethnicity and nativity. Immigrants are represented appropriately in unintentional injury deaths but underrepresented in suicides and overrepresented in homicides among 15- to 34-year-old California residents. Hispanics appear to account for the foreign- and U.S.-born differences in suicide and homicide. By contrast, immigrants constitute a lower proportion of disease deaths than expected. Empirical data about health risks to immigrants are needed to develop informed policy. These data indicate that young immigrants, at least in terms of mortality, do not constitute a burden in that they are at lower or similar risk of death than U.S.-born youth. Homicide is the sole exception to this pattern.     

Pregnant woman and road safety: a numerical approach. Application to a restrained third trimester pregnant woman in frontal impact

Objectives

The goal of our work is the development of a numerical model of pregnant woman in driving position. We present an application to the study of injury mechanisms during a frontal car crash for a seat belt restrained pregnant woman in driving position.

Materials and methods

We integrated a digital representation of a pregnant uterus, foetus and placenta in a previous existing numerical model of non pregnant Human body in driving position, the Humos model^®. The realization of a numerical simulation of a frontal car crash enabled us to analyze the part played by the safety belt in the organic traumatisms.

Results

Three phases were highlighted. The first phase consists of a translation forwards of the pregnant uterus during the impact. The second phase is a rotation forwards in the sagittal plan of the pregnant uterus with for axis of rotation the posterior wall of the pubis. The third phase is a vertical adjustment coupled to a translation of the uterus towards the back. This translation leads the uterus to impact the spine.

Conclusion

The development of a pregnant numerical model in the field of accidentology allows the analysis of organic traumatisms. That makes it possible to study the role played by the existing safety systems. This model might make it possible to develop safety systems specific to the pregnant woman.     

1994～2003年全国各类学校食物中毒事件分析

目的 研究近10a来全国学校食物中毒的状况和特点，以便为预防和控制学校食物中毒事件提供依据。方法通过中国期刊网，检索1994～2003年报道的全国学校食物中毒资料，相关内容过录到调查表中，采用SAS8．1软件统计分析。结果10a间共发生学校食物中毒298起，中毒人数23996人。每年中毒人数、中毒次数未见下降趋势。其特点是食物中毒事件多发生在每年的二、三季度。298起食物中毒事件中中学占38，26％，大中专院校占26，51％，小学占23，49％，幼托机构占11，74％；微生物性食物中毒占60．40％、化学性的占23．15％，植物毒素的占13．09％。因加工不当、原料污染、生熟交叉导致的食物中毒分别占40.27％，19.13％和11.41％；65．10%中毒食品来源于学校食堂，来源于个体摊点和批发零售的占18.45％。结论进一步开展卫生法规和食品卫生知识宣传，提高卫生意识．加大监督、监测力度可有效预防学校食物中毒事件的发生。     

北京城区院前救治的道路交通损伤特点分析

目的:描述北京急救中心2004年1月1日至2010年12月31日救治城区道路交通损伤的现状,总结其社会学特点,并初步探讨其可能的改善方法.方法:所有数据来源于北京市统计局和北京急救中心病案室,在收集后者数据时检索并录入2004年1月1日至2010年12月31日共7年期间由北京急救中心参与救治的道路交通损伤病例,应用Excel 2007、SPSS 17.0进行方差分析及卡方检验.结果:共收集符合准入标准的完整病例19 550例,道路交通伤的年发病率约为120人/10万人,死亡率约为4.97人/10万人,其中男性(11 737,60.04％)明显多于女性(7 813,39.96％),平均年龄(38.76±16.84)岁.各年龄组交通伤均多发于每年的10月份,日间多于夜间,以中午前、后最多,但不同年龄患者交通损伤发生的每日时间分布特点不同.受伤者多为行人(7 588,38.81％)和骑自行车者(3 790,19.39％),发生部位多在头面(8 343,42.68％)和下肢(6 828,34.93％),损伤程度以中等损伤为主(11 718,59.94％),造成损伤的一方多为小型汽车(11 490,58.77％).结论:防治道路交通损伤,需要针对不同人群、不同时段和不同交通方式,采用不同的管理方法和规范化的院前救治.     

长治市小学生道路交通安全问题现况调查

目的 调查分析长治市小学生道路交通安全知识、态度、行为状况,及家庭、学校、社会等因素对其的影响,为有针对性地开展交通伤害预防和控制工作提供依据.方法 采用整群随机抽样的方法,在长治市随机抽取11所小学,每所学校的四至六年级各随机抽取一个班,利用统一问卷进行调查.结果 小学生道路交通安全知识得分P50为80分,小学生道路交通安全行为得分P50为94分.家长平日里是否教学生安全知识与学生交通安全知识得分有关;家长交通行为与学生交通行为有关.多因素Logistic回归分析提示:除学生行为得分(OR =2.046,95％ CI:1.518 ～2.759)外,父母自身的交通行为对发生车祸的影响最为显著.结论 长治市小学生道路交通安全问题严峻,家长责任重大.     

Trauma in Cirrhosis: An Indicator of the Pattern of Alcohol Abuse in Different Societies

While some morbidities associated with the excessive use of alcohol are related to the total amount of alcohol consumed--cirrhosis being an example--other pathologies, such as trauma and those of psycho-social origin, are mainly related to the frequency of acute alcoholic intoxication rather than to the total amount consumed. The balance between these two types of alcohol-associated morbidities can provide an indication of the relative frequency of intoxication, and thus of the pattern of alcohol abuse in a population. Since trauma is highly associated with acute alcoholic intoxication, the prevalence of bone fractures was determined in cirrhotics in nine countries. The prevalence of rib and vertebral fractures on routine chest x-rays showed a 17-fold variation in the different countries, from 2% and 6% in Spain and Italy to 30% and 34% in Canada and the USA, suggesting marked differences in the pattern of alcohol abuse to intoxication. Conversely, the prevalence of cirrhosis is twice as high in Spain and Italy than in Canada and the USA. A strong positive correlation between per capita consumption and cirrhosis mortality (r = 0.86; p less than 0.01) exists among the nine countries studied, while the correlation between per capita alcohol consumption and the prevalence of trauma is not statistically significant (r = 0.40). Supporting a strong association between trauma and alcoholic intoxication, the prevalence of trauma was found to be highly correlated: r = 0.88, p less than 0.002, with the degree of concern for the psycho-social consequences of alcohol abuse in the different countries. Data indicate that trauma can be used as an objective indicator to assess the pattern of alcohol abuse in a population.     

Drug driving among injecting drug users in Sydney, Australia: prevalence, risk factors and risk perceptions

Aims To examine the prevalence of drug driving, the prevalence of drug‐related motor vehicle accidents, risk perceptions of drug driving and factors associated with drug driving among injecting drug users (IDU). Design Cross‐sectional survey. Setting Sydney, Australia. Participants Three hundred current IDU. Findings Ninety‐five per cent had driven a vehicle, 74% in the previous 12 months (‘current drivers’). Eighty‐seven per cent of life‐time drivers reported having drug driven, and 88% of current drivers had drug driven in the previous 12 months. There were no significant sex differences in life‐time or recent drug driving. The most common drugs used before driving in the preceding year were: cannabis, heroin, amphetamines and cocaine. A third of life‐time drivers reported having had a drug driving accident, with males more likely to have done so, and 9% of current drivers reported a drug driving accident in the previous year. The most common drugs that had been used before the most recent drug driving accident were heroin, cannabis and alcohol. Alcohol was perceived to be the most dangerous substance for driving performance and cannabis the least dangerous. Recent drug drivers perceived drug driving to be less dangerous than non‐drug drivers. Recent drug drivers had driven more frequently over the preceding 12 months, had significantly higher levels of dependence, higher frequency of drug use, more extensive polydrug use and were more likely to have used and/or injected a drug in a car in the previous 12 months. Conclusions Drug driving and drug‐related accidents are large‐scale public health problems among IDU. These behaviours pose serious risks to IDU themselves and to the broader community.