Improvement of native pulmonary alveolar proteinosis after contralateral single living‐donor lobar lung transplantation: A case report

PAP is a rare disease characterized by the accumulation of surfactant materials in the alveolar spaces due to the imbalance of surfactant homeostasis (production and clearance). We herein report a case of an 8‐year‐old girl who developed PAP after BMT from her mother for the treatment of DBA. The anemia was improved by BMT; however, respiratory dysfunction due to graft‐versus‐host disease gradually progressed. She eventually underwent right single LDLLT from her mother when she was 14 years old. A pathological examination of the excised lung confirmed the finding of diffuse bronchiolitis obliterans and unexpectedly revealed widespread alveolar proteinosis. Interestingly, the GGO of her native left lung on chest X‐ray was improved after LDLLT. We present the very unique clinical course of this patient and discuss the mechanisms underlying the development of PAP after BMT and its improvement after LDLLT from the same donor.     

Boron-Doped Diamond/GaN Heterojunction—The Influence of the Low-Temperature Deposition

We report a method of growing a boron-doped diamond film by plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition utilizing a pre-treatment of GaN substrate to give a high density of nucleation. CVD diamond was deposited on GaN substrate grown epitaxially via the molecular-beam epitaxy process. To obtain a continuous diamond film with the presence of well-developed grains, the GaN substrates are exposed to hydrogen plasma prior to deposition. The diamond/GaN heterojunction was deposited in methane ratio, chamber pressure, temperature, and microwave power at 1%, 50 Torr, 500 °C, and 1100 W, respectively. Two samples with different doping were prepared 2000 ppm and 7000 [B/C] in the gas phase. SEM and AFM analyses revealed the presence of well-developed grains with an average size of 100 nm. The epitaxial GaN substrate-induced preferential formation of (111)-facetted diamond was revealed by AFM and XRD. After the deposition process, the signal of the GaN substrate is still visible in Raman spectroscopy (showing three main GaN bands located at 565, 640 and 735 cm⁻¹) as well as in typical XRD patterns. Analysis of the current–voltage characteristics as a function of temperature yielded activation energy equal to 93.8 meV.     

Ultrasound elasticity of diamond at gigapascal pressures

Diamond is the hardest known material in nature and features a wide spectrum of industrial and scientific applications. The key to diamond''s outstanding properties is its elasticity, which is associated with its exceptional hardness, shear strength, and incompressibility. Despite many theoretical works, direct measurements of elastic properties are limited to only ∼1.4 kilobar (kb) pressure. Here, we report ultrasonic interferometry measurements of elasticity of void-free diamond powder in a multianvil press from 1 atmosphere up to 12.1 gigapascal (GPa). We obtained high-accuracy bulk modulus of diamond as K₀ = 439.2(9) GPa, K₀′ = 3.6(1), and shear modulus as G₀ = 533(3) GPa, G₀′ = 2.3(3), which are consistent with our first-principles simulation. In contrast to the previous experiment of isothermal equation of state, the K₀′ obtained in this work is evidently greater, indicating that the diamond is not fully described by the “n-m” Mie–Grüneisen model. The structural and elastic properties measured in this work may provide a robust primary pressure scale in extensive pressure ranges.

The extraordinary mechanical properties of diamond make it an unsurpassed material in cutting, shaping, and compressing hard substances. To date, a large amount of work has aimed to remedy the drawbacks of diamond as a superhard material in the context of industrial implications (1). For instance, the thermal stability, elastic deformability, and toughness of diamond can be improved by synthesizing a nanoscale diamond crystal using high-pressure apparatus (2–6). For such implications, its high-pressure elasticity plays a critical role, and its underlying stiffening mechanism will, in turn, guide the design for better nanoscale diamond.Diamond is a high-pressure allotrope of carbon. Under high-pressure conditions, the structure of diamond is constructed through a martensitic process in which the sp³ carbon bonding is formed along a specific shear direction (7, 8). In the opposite, the procedure to break the sp³ bonding (e.g., the transformation from diamond to graphite) is usually indirect and kinetically inhibited (9). The formation and alignment of sp³ carbon bonding are the signatures of diamond, whose covalent nature governs its elastic properties. A number of theoretical works were pioneered to calculate the high-pressure elasticity of diamond. Tse et al. calculated the equation of state of diamond to terapascal pressure and temperature up to its melting curve and suggested that diamond is a well-defined covalent solid under such extreme conditions (10). Núñez Valdez et al. calculated the thermoelectricity of diamond to 500 GPa and predicted that the elastic property of diamond becomes increasingly anisotropic at high pressures (11). In stark contrast, experimental works are scarce, especially on the in situ elasticity of compressed diamond. Previously, single-crystal diamond was compressed in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) by Occelli et al., who confirmed that diamond is a Grüneisen solid up to at least 140 GPa and exhibited strengthened covalent bonding. The latest high-pressure, elasticity experiment of diamond, as far as we have investigated, was by McSkimin and Andreatch 40 y ago, who measured the ultrasonic wave velocities up to ∼0.14 GPa (12) and calculated K₀ = 442(11) GPa, K₀′ = 4.03(16). Data points on the experimental elastic modulus at gigapascal pressure range is still rare, and they are in urgent need to understand the evolution of diamond elasticity under external stress.The challenges to perform high-pressure elasticity experiment for diamond, beyond a doubt, stem from its intrinsic properties. Diamond is the key component of DAC, the main instrument for high-pressure research, and thus interferometric measurements, such as Brillouin scattering and ultrasonic interferometry, in a DAC, are impractical because of the interference of the anvils. The experiment using multianvil, high-pressure press is among the few solutions. Since the velocities of compressional wave (V_P, >18 km/s) and shear wave (V_S, >12 km/s) of diamond are very high, a large sample size is required in order to separate the echo from the reference (namely, the buffer rod) signals. The sample assembly limits the achievable pressure to ∼10 GPa. Along with the compression tool, we also developed an ultrasonic interferometry coupled with multianvil apparatus, dedicated for measuring polycrystalline elasticity under high pressure (13). The system has successfully obtained high-accuracy, elastic parameters for a variety of solids and liquids (14–17). Since diamond is extremely incompressible, such that the travel time change within this pressure range is tiny, our measurement will challenge the limit of instrumental precision using the current setups.The focus of this work is to measure the high-pressure, elastic properties of diamond. High-quality elasticity data and their pressure derivatives are the prerequisite to establish a primary pressure scale for high-pressure sciences (18). Previous experiments obtained primary scale up to 120 GPa from static compression (19, 20) and multimegabar pressures from dynamic compression (21). Since diamond is thermodynamically stable in terapascal pressure range (22), it is possible to create a diamond primary pressure scale for much extended pressures. The results will be a solid anchor for pressure gauges, for example, ruby fluorescence (23), the Raman edge of diamond anvil (24), and the X-ray diffraction of metal (25).     

Diamond/GaN HEMTs: Where from and Where to?

Gallium nitride is a wide bandgap semiconductor material with high electric field strength and electron mobility that translate in a tremendous potential for radio-frequency communications and renewable energy generation, amongst other areas. However, due to the particular architecture of GaN high electron mobility transistors, the relatively low thermal conductivity of the material induces the appearance of localized hotspots that degrade the devices performance and compromise their long term reliability. On the search of effective thermal management solutions, the integration of GaN and synthetic diamond with high thermal conductivity and electric breakdown strength shows a tremendous potential. A significant effort has been made in the past few years by both academic and industrial players in the search of a technological process that allows the integration of both materials and the fabrication of high performance and high reliability hybrid devices. Different approaches have been proposed, such as the development of diamond/GaN wafers for further device fabrication or the capping of passivated GaN devices with diamond films. This paper describes in detail the potential and technical challenges of each approach and presents and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.     

L‐Leucine improves the anaemia in models of Diamond Blackfan anaemia and the 5q‐ syndrome in a TP53‐independent way

Haploinsufficiency of ribosomal proteins (RPs) and upregulation of the tumour suppressor TP53 have been shown to be the common basis for the anaemia observed in Diamond Blackfan anaemia and 5q‐ myelodysplastic syndrome. We previously demonstrated that treatment with L‐Leucine resulted in a marked improvement in anaemia in disease models. To determine if the L‐Leucine effect was Tp53‐dependent, we used antisense MOs to rps19 and rps14 in zebrafish; expression of tp53 and its downstream target cdkn1a remained elevated following L‐leucine treatment. We confirmed this observation in human CD34+ cells. L‐Leucine thus alleviates anaemia in RP‐deficient cells in a TP53‐independent manner.     

Synthesis and antitumor activity evaluation of novel ursolic acid derivatives

Eleven novel ursolic acid (UA) derivatives were designed and synthesized with modification at positions of C-2, C-3, and C-28 of UA. Their structures were confirmed by MS, ¹H NMR, and elemental analysis. Their in vitro cytotoxicities against various cancer cell lines (HeLa, HepG2, and BGC-823) were evaluated by MTT assay. The results indicated that all compounds could inhibit cell proliferation of HeLa, HepG2, and BGC-823 cells. Among them, compounds I₃ and I₄ showed more potent cytotoxicity on these three tumor cells than gefitinib (positive control), worthy to be studied further.     

Robot-Assisted Retroperitoneoscopic Diamond Bypass Pyeloplasty

AimRobot (da Vinci Si; Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA) assisted retroperitoneoscopic diamond bypass pyeloplasty (R-RDBP) performed for ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction (n = 5) is presented.MethodsPatients were placed affected side up and the retroperitoneal space accessed conventionally using 3–4 trocars. The diamond-shaped anastomosis involved incising the lowest part of the renal pelvis 12–15 mm transversely and the ureter distal to the obstruction 10–12 mm longitudinally. The first two sutures were placed retroperitoneoscopically; one from the mid-caudal line of the renal pelvis to the apex of the ureteric incision (the apex of the diamond) and the other from the corner of the incision in the renal pelvis to halfway along the ureteric incision. Trocars were replaced and the robot system docked. The first robot suture was placed between these two sutures, and the anastomosis completed by suturing from posterior to ventral applying minimal tension to keep the anastomosis close to the renal pelvis. All sutures were interrupted absorbable 5-0 monofilament.ResultsMean age at R-RDBP was 4.3 (range: 1–14) years old. Height/weight were average. Preoperative Society for Fetal Urology (SFU) grading was 4.0 in all cases. All repairs were primary and progressed smoothly without perioperative complications; 3/5 had improved appetite postoperatively. Mean SFU grades 1–3 months postoperatively were 2.8, 2.2, and 1.6, respectively. Diuretic renography that was obstructive in all cases preoperatively was normal in four and delayed in one case, postoperatively.ConclusionR-RDBP prevented rotation/kinking of the ureter, enhanced precision of suturing, and maximized the diameter at the anastomosis, facilitating smooth urine flow.Level of EvidenceLEVEL IV.     

不同玷污层对4种树脂粘接系统粘接强度及粘接耐久性的影响

文题释义： 玷污层：牙体预备时由于车针的高速切割和挤压，牙本质表面形成厚1-5 μm的玷污层，它由无机物碎屑和凝固的胶原纤维碎屑组成。切割碎屑深入牙本质小管口形成管塞。磷酸酸蚀处理能够去除牙本质表面的玷污层及污物，而自酸蚀粘接剂则因为酸性较弱仅能对牙本质表面的玷污层及杂质进行部分溶解，并最终将剩余的玷污层包含在内形成混合粘接层。 甲基丙烯酰癸氧基二氢磷酸酯(10-MDP)：是一种性能优良的酸性功能单体，与羟基磷灰石反应生成的难溶性钙盐形成“纳米层状结构”，强烈吸附于牙本质表面，这一特点被认为能够增强粘接性能，并且对胶原纤维有保护作用，长期观察发现其可以提高粘接剂的耐久性。 背景：当用旋转式或手动器械处理牙表面时，在牙釉质和牙本质上由切割和磨损产生的碎片形成了玷污层。玷污层是影响牙和修复材料之间粘接的重要因素，明确玷污层对不同种类粘接剂的影响对口腔医生的临床选择与正确使用具有重要的临床意义。 目的：评价使用不同金刚砂车针预备的试件在人工唾液中存储24 h与100 d后，对4种粘接剂与牙本质粘接强度的影响。 方法：获取离体人磨牙80颗，分别进行600号碳化硅砂纸(对照)、中细粒度金刚砂车针、标准粒度金刚砂车针、粗粒度金刚砂车针4种牙本质表面处理，每种处理20颗；每种处理方法内分4个亚组，分别以两步法自酸蚀粘接剂Optibond Versa(VSA组)、一步法自酸蚀粘接剂Optibond All in One(AIO组)、通用型粘接剂Single Bond Universal(SBU组)及全酸蚀粘接剂Bond 5(GLU组)进行树脂粘接。粘接完成后，将试件置于人工唾液中37 ℃储存24 h及100 d，随后进行微拉伸强度测试，使用扫描电镜观察牙本质端断裂面，并对断裂模式进行分析。 结果与结论：①储存24 h：使用两步法粘接剂或全酸蚀粘接剂的情况下，不同表面处理组间的粘接强度比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)；使用一步法粘接剂或通用型粘接剂的情况下，仅粗粒度车针组粘接强度低于砂纸组(P < 0.05)。使用砂纸或中细粒度车针的情况下，仅AIO组与VSA组粘接强度比较无差异；使用标准粒度车针的情况下，仅AIO组与VSA组、GLU组与SBU组粘接强度比较无差异(P > 0.05)；使用粗粒度车针的情况下，VSA组与AIO组、GLU组、SBU组粘接强度比较差异均有显著性意义(P < 0.05)，其余组间比较无差异(P > 0.05)；②储存100 d：使用两步法粘接剂或全酸蚀粘接剂的情况下，不同表面处理组间的粘接强度比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)；使用一步法粘接剂的情况下，仅粗粒度车针组粘接强度低于砂纸组(P < 0.05)；使用通用型粘接剂的情况下，仅标准粒度车针组、粗粒度车针组粘接强度低于砂纸组(P < 0.05)。使用砂纸或中细粒度车针的情况下，仅VSA组与SBU组粘接强度无差异(P > 0.05)；使用标准粒度车针的情况下，仅SBU组与VSA组、GLU组与SBU组、GLU组与VSA组粘接强度无差异(P > 0.05)；使用粗粒度车针的情况下，仅VSA组与AIO组粘接强度无差异(P > 0.05)；③仅在使用两步法粘接剂的情况下，不同表面处理组100 d后的粘接强度与24 h比较差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)；④与浸泡24 h相比，VSA组、SBU组、GLU组浸泡100 d后的粘接界面断裂和混合断裂比例略有增加，其中VSA组变化最大；与其他组比较，GLU组浸泡24 h与100 d的粘接界面断裂和混合断裂模式比例均超过50%；⑤结果表明，使用不同粒度车针预备产生了不同的玷污层，对一步法自酸蚀粘接剂粘接强度产生了显著影响，对两步法自酸蚀粘接剂和全酸蚀粘接剂未产生显著影响；存储时间对不同粘接剂产生了显著影响。 ORCID: 0000-0002-1639-6498(郑适泽) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程     

Utilization of respondent-driven sampling among a population of child workers in the diamond-mining sector of Sierra Leone

Abstract

This article describes the implementation of respondent driven sampling (RDS) in a study conducted in Kono District, Sierra Leone. RDS was used to identify children, under the age of 18 years old, working in the diamond sector of Sierra Leone. This includes children working directly as diamond miners as well as children working in the informal sector connected to the diamond field. The article seeks to postulate that RDS is a suitable method for a rapid approach to a population that is unidentified in size and demonstrate how RDS can reach a study population within a limited period.     

不同方法合成的金刚石对口腔复合树脂挠曲强度的影响

目的 考察不同方法合成的金刚石对口腔复合树脂挠曲强度的影响.方法 对爆轰法纳米金刚石(DND)、静压金刚石(SPD)和爆轰法聚晶金刚石(PCD)3种金刚石做了并行实验,使用相同的加入量、相同的改性和合成方法,制备出3组树脂;另做不加金刚石的空白试样.对4组树脂的挠曲强度按照YY1042-2003的要求进行测试.结果 ...