Forced swimming test in mice: a review of antidepressant activity

Rationale Among all animal models, the forced swimming test (FST) remains one of the most used tools for screening antidepressants.Objective This paper reviews some of the main aspects of the FST in mice. Most of the sensitivity and variability factors that were assessed on the FST are summarized.Mechanisms We have summarized data found in the literature of antidepressant effects on the FST in mice. From this data set, we have extrapolated information on baseline levels of strain, and sensitivity against antidepressants.Results We have shown that many parameters have to be considered in this test to gain good reliability. Moreover, there was a fundamental inter-strain difference of response in the FST.Conclusions The FST is a good screening tool with good reliability and predictive validity. Strain is one of the most important parameters to consider. Swiss and NMRI mice can be used to discriminate the mechanisms of action of drugs. CD-1 seems to be the most useful strain for screening purposes, but this needs to be confirmed with some spontaneous locomotor activity studies.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at .     

逍遥散类方及其分离组分抗抑郁作用的筛选研究

目的:研究比较逍遥散类方及其分离组分的抗抑郁作用,筛选最佳的抗抑郁复方及分离组分。方法:首先,以传统中药复方逍遥散、丹栀逍遥散、柴胡疏肝散水煎剂和阳性药(文拉法辛)为干预药物,采用大鼠强迫游泳实验评价各组药效。其次,将逍遥散、丹栀逍遥散和柴胡疏肝散复方及其分离所得的6个不同极性的组份,采用体外活性筛选实验,考察各复方及其分离组份对大鼠脑突触体摄取5-羟色胺(5-HT)、去甲肾上腺素(NA)和多巴胺(DA)的抑制作用。结果:与空白对照组比较,逍遥散水煎剂组、柴胡疏肝散水煎剂组、文拉法辛组均能够不同程度地缩短大鼠强迫游泳不动时间(P<0.05)。在待测样品的终反应浓度为10μg/mL的条件下,逍遥散水煎剂组X1、逍遥散分离组分X6、X7对大鼠脑突触体摄取单胺类神经递质有明显的抑制作用。结论:逍遥散及其分离组分X6、X7表现出良好的抗抑郁作用,可以作为筛选抗抑郁新药的理想组份。     

抗疲劳1号对游泳小鼠运动能力的影响

目的观察抗疲劳1号的抗疲劳效果,探讨其生化机制。方法抗疲劳1号由人参、麦冬、五味子、枸杞、远志、黄芪等组成,按低、中、高剂量灌胃小鼠2周,以负重游泳的方法制备疲劳模型,观察力竭性游泳时间及血糖、乳酸、尿素氮和肝糖原变化。结果与游泳对照组相比,抗疲劳1号高剂量组动物力竭性游泳时间显著延长(P<0.05),中、高剂量组血糖((9.98±1.44)mmol/L(、10.04±1.60)mmol/L)明显高于游泳对照组((8.44±1.33)mmol/L),肝糖原水平有所回升,血尿素氮水平下降,血乳酸水平略有升高。结论抗疲劳1号能有效维持游泳动物血糖、肝糖原水平,抑制蛋白质分解,从而发挥抗疲劳作用。     

2013 — 2014年昆明市游泳池水的致病菌污染研究

  目的  了解辽宁省游泳场所池水卫生状况,特别是微生物指标情况,为加强游泳场所卫生管理和水质监测提供参考。  方法  2014 — 2018年连续5年对全省游泳场所水质按照国家标准检验方法进行检测,分别检测其细菌总数、大肠菌群、尿素、浊度、余氯、pH,根据国家标准判定其合格情况并加以分析。  结果  2014 — 2018年分别检测207、249、287、306、326户游泳场所水质,5年水质总合格率分别为72.95 %、75.50 %、87.80 %、80.72 %、84.97 %,均值为81.09 %。细菌总数、大肠菌群、尿素、浊度、余氯、pH合格率均值分别为93.09 %、97.09 %、96.22 %、99.85 %、89.81 %、98.69 %。全省14个市泳池水质总体合格率为68.87 %～94.55 %,不同地区游泳池水细菌总数、大肠菌群、尿素、浊度、余氯和pH合格率差异无统计学意义。细菌总数合格率分别与余氯、pH合格率显著相关,大肠菌群合格率与尿素、浊度、余氯、pH合格率显著相关。  结论  全省游泳场所水质单项指标合格率较高,微生物致病风险较低。水质总合格率在正常可控水平且逐年上升。不同地区间各指标合格率差异不显著,微生物指标与理化指标之间存在关联。     

Risk Factors for Injury in Rural Iowa

SUMMARY

Preliminary analyses of data from one third of the Keokuk County Rural Health Study cohort suggest that risk factors for injury among rural populations are not uniformly distributed and that the pattern varies with the risk factor. For some, such as expo-sure to all-terrain vehicles, the occupation of farmer determines the degree of exposure to the risk factor. Similarly, farmers seem less likely than other rural people to wear their seat belts. Although farm-ers are not more likely than rural nonfarmers to have firearms in their homes, they are more likely to have used them in the last year. How-ever, for other injury risk factors such as alcohol consumption, there do not appear to be differences among farmers, rural nonfarmers, and townspeople. These early results suggest that the Keokuk County Rural Health Study will yield important information for tar-geting specific rural injury prevention interventions.     

南京铁路游泳馆卫生状况调查

目的调查南京铁路游泳馆卫生状况,探讨游泳馆卫生管理措施。方法游泳馆2010-2012年卫生监测资料:游泳馆水质及微小气候。采用统一调查表进行调查游泳者自觉症状、游泳馆卫生管理情况调查。结果 (1)游泳馆微小气候达标率较高,基本符合国家卫生标准;(2)尿素严重超标,给游泳者健康造成潜在的危害;(3)游离性余氯合格率偏低,游泳者随着游泳时间的延长自感异常症状者普遍增多(x2=101.81,p<0.01);(4)管理力度不够,消毒质量把关不严,无专业消毒剂配置设施及专业保健人员等。结论加强领导,健全组织,全方位监控游泳馆水质,为游泳者提供舒适、卫生的游泳环境。     

Facilitating antidepressant-like actions of estrogens are mediated by 5-HT1A and estrogen receptors in the rat forced swimming test

Previous studies have shown that 17beta-estradiol (E2) induces antidepressant-like actions per se and potentiates those produced by fluoxetine (FLX) in the forced swimming test (FST). The aim of the present work was to explore the participation of serotonin 1A receptors (5-HT1A) and estrogen receptors (ERs) in the antidepressant-like actions of E2, FLX or their combination in the FST. Although all antidepressants reduce behavioral immobility, antidepressants that modulate serotonergic neurotransmission increase swimming behavior whereas those that modulate the catecholaminergic neurotransmission increase climbing behavior. Thus, using this animal model, it is possible to infer which neurotransmitter system is modulating the action of an antidepressant compound. Ovariectomized female Wistar rats were used in all experiments. In the first experiment, an effective dose of E2 (10 microg/rat, -48 h) was combined with several doses (0.5, 1.0 and 2 mg/kg) of RU 58668 (a pure ER antagonist) 48 h previous to the FST. The second experiment evaluated the action of (1 mg/kg, -48 h or -23, -5 and -1 h) WAY 100635 (5-HT1A receptor antagonist) on the antidepressant-like action of FLX (10 mg/kg, -23, -5 and -1 h). In the third experiment, the effect of RU 58668 (2 mg/kg, -48) or WAY 100635 (1 mg/kg, -48 h) on the antidepressant-like action of the combination of a sub-optimal dose of E2 (2.5 microg/rat, -48 h) plus a non-effective dose of FLX (2.5 mg/kg, -23,-5 and -1 h) was evaluated. The results showed that RU 58668, the antagonist to the ER, canceled the antidepressant-like action of E2 in a dose-dependent manner. The antagonist to the 5-HT1A receptor blocked the antidepressant action of FLX only when administered simultaneously with FLX, i.e. -23, -5 and -1 h before the FST. Finally, the administration of both RU 58668, and WAY100635 canceled the antidepressant-like action of the combination of E2/FLX. These results imply that both 5-HT1A receptors and ERs participate in the facilitating actions of E2 on the antidepressant-like action of FLX in the FST.     

长期冬泳对老年人骨健康指标的影响

目的了解长期冬泳运动对老年人骨密度和骨代谢指标的影响。方法以114名55~65岁的老年人为研究对象,分为冬泳组和对照组。采用Sahara Clinical Bone Sonometer超声骨密度测定仪测定跟骨宽带超声衰减(BUA)、超声声速(SOS)、定量超声指数(QUI)和骨密度(BMD)。采用MODULAR全自动生化分析仪测定血清钙(Ca)、磷(P)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)含量,同时采用S200型酶标仪测定骨钙素(BGP)、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶5b(TRACP5b)含量。结果冬泳组男性老年人的BUA、SOS、QUI和BMD均值高于对照组,且存在非常显著的组间差异(P0.01);冬泳组和对照组老年人的ALP均值存在显著的组间差异(P0.05),血清Ca、BGP、TRACP5b均值的组间差异非常显著(P0.01)。结论冬泳运动能够有效改善老年人的骨代谢能力和男性老年人的骨密度,对提高老年人整体健康水平有积极意义,是适合老年人锻炼的有益运动。     

高温及游泳对腹腔巨噬细胞的影响

我们采用电子显微镜等技术研究了高温及游泳对SD大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞超微结构和功能的影响。结果表明外界高温(40℃)能使大鼠体温急剧升高(Y=0.05074+37.92),游泳时间明显缩短(P<0.01),显著抑制巨噬细胞变形、游走及吞噬能力,促进巨噬细胞出现空泡变性,游泳能加重上述变化。在受热后24h,巨噬细胞吞噬能力基本恢复,而空泡变性无明显改变。