甲状腺癌术后复发再手术难点与对策

分化型甲状腺癌预后良好。甲状腺癌复发需行以再次手术为主的综合治疗。与初次手术相比,再次手术风险明显增大,并发症发生率和严重程度均升高。因此,再次手术前应进行充分的检查评估,并做好充分的知情同意。中央区的再次手术,难点在于把握手术指征、术中复发淋巴结的定位、术中喉返神经和甲状旁腺的保护以及周围器官结构受侵的处理。术前超声引导下纳米炭注射能够可靠帮助术中定位。术中神经监测技术可以帮助喉返神经的辨认。如需要切除喉返神经,尽可能同期修复。术中对于上位甲状旁腺区减少扰动、仔细在标本中辨认寻找甲状旁腺、必要时甲状旁腺自体移植可以尽量保护甲状旁腺。而侵犯气管、喉、食管时,则需要部分喉切除、气管切除和重建等技术。颈侧区的再次手术,难点在于颈淋巴结清扫容易遗漏部位的再次切除、咽旁等少见复发位置的处理,以及神经和大血管受侵的处理。颈侧区复发的转移淋巴结仍以规范的区域淋巴结清扫为主要治疗方法。对于少见部位的复发应熟悉局部解剖,减少副损伤。神经受侵时,尽量保留有功能的神经。必要时可以切除颈内静脉。上纵隔位置的复发主要通过上纵隔淋巴结清扫完成。胸骨劈开的开放入路显露较好,可切除范围较大,相对比较安全,但创伤较大。腔镜辅助的上纵隔淋巴结清扫创伤较小,需要一定技术储备。复发甲状腺癌经积极治疗预后较好。再次手术建议由经验丰富的专科医师来完成。术后辅助多学科综合治疗能提高再次手术的疗效。     

分化型甲状腺癌术后颈淋巴结持续或复发治疗进展

颈淋巴结复发是分化型甲状腺癌复发中最主要的一部分,其治疗的主要方案为再手术治疗。近年来一些如主动监测、射频消融、放射性碘治疗等代替手术治疗的方案逐渐被提出。部分治疗手段的效果及并发症仍有争议,再手术仍是首选的治疗方式,再术后的放射性碘治疗可能不会改善病人的预后,射频消融应仅限应用于不适合再次手术治疗的病人。     

Does the false-negative rate for 1 or 2 negative sentinel nodes after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy translate into a high local recurrence rate?

Prospective trials demonstrate that sentinel node (SN) biopsy after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) has a significant false-negative rate (FNR) when only 1 or 2 SNs are removed. It is unknown whether this increased FNR correlates with an elevated risk of recurrence. Tumor Registry data at an NCI-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center were reviewed from 2004 to 2018 for patients having a negative SN biopsy after NACT. Among 190 patients with histologically negative nodes after NACT having 1 (n = 42), 2 (n = 46), and ≥3 (n = 102) SNs, axillary recurrences occurred in 7.14%, 0%, and 1.96% (p = 0.09), breast recurrences occurred in 2.38%, 6.52%, and 0.98% (p = 0.12), and distance recurrences occurred in 16.67%, 8.70%, and 7.84% (p = 0.27), respectively. Time to first recurrence did not differ by SN count (p = 0.41). After adjustment for age, race, clinical stage, and receptor status, there were no differences in the rates of axillary (p = 0.26), breast (p = 0.44), or distance recurrence (p = 0.24) by numbers of SNs harvested. Median follow-up was 46.8 months. Despite higher post-NACT FNRs reported in randomized trials for patients having <3 sentinel nodes, recurrence rates were not significantly different for 1 versus 2 versus ≥3 SNs. This suggests that patients having 1 or 2 post-NACT SNs identified may not necessitate axillary dissection.     

Comparison of multiple oncotype DX® from the same patient

For women with breast cancer in whom multiple Oncotype DX^® Recurrence Scores (RS) are obtained, RS concordance utilizing current NCCN recommendations has not been evaluated. Patients with two or more RS were identified. RS were stratified by NCCN guidelines and compared for concordance. Twenty-four patients were evaluated. RS concordance varied by tumor type: 100% in the same tumor, 91.7% in multiple ipsilateral tumors, 71.4% in contralateral tumors, and 66.7% in in-breast recurrent tumors. RS concordance for multiple assays in the same patient is not high enough to omit Oncotype DX^® testing for each tumor.     

Breast cancer in young women: Imaging and clinical course

The purpose of this study was to characterize presenting imaging findings in women younger than 40 diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in the context of pathology and clinical course. Retrospective chart and imaging reviews were performed in patients under 40 diagnosed with breast cancer between July 1, 2004, and December 31, 2013. Patient demographic, imaging, pathology, and clinical data were collected. Overall and recurrence-free survival were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate Cox proportional hazards models were performed to identify factors associated with recurrence-free survival. Our study cohort consisted of 110 patients with invasive mammary carcinoma. One hundred one (91.8%) presented with a palpable mass. The mean size of all lesions on imaging was 3.5 cm ± 2.9 cm. Malignant calcifications were present in 54 (49.1%) cases. Imaging demonstrated multifocal or multicentric disease in 45 (40.9%) cases. Seventy four (67.3%) cancers were high grade. Luminal genomic subtypes were the most common (n = 61, 55.5%). At presentation, 4 (3.6%) patients had bilateral malignancy and 8 (7.3%) patients had distant metastatic disease. Ninety seven (88.2%) underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 67 (60.9%) underwent radiation therapy. Seventy five (68.2%) of the patients underwent mastectomy. The restricted mean time to recurrence was 9.01 years (standard error 3.162 months). ER positivity was associated with compromised recurrence-free survival. The overall survival rate was 0.962 at 10 years. Young patients diagnosed with breast cancer typically present with advanced breast imaging findings and undergo aggressive treatment. Recurrence often occurs >5 years from diagnosis, and ER positive subtypes are at increased risk for recurrence.     

胆管内超声用于胆总管结石内镜下取石

目的观察胆管内超声(IDUS)用于胆总管结石内镜下取石中的价值。方法回顾性分析148例接受内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)联合内镜下括约肌切开术(EST)的胆总管结石患者,对取石后胆总管造影显示结石完全清除者行IDUS,观察有无胆总管残石;对存在较大残石(≥3 mm)者重复行ERCP联合EST取石。术后随访,观察胆总管结石复发情况及其影响因素。结果 148例经ERCP联合EST取石后,胆总管造影均确认胆总管结石完全清除。IDUS发现其中61例仍存在残石,且21例残石≥3 mm;对该21例重复取石,直至结石完全清除。术中及术后均未见严重不良反应。术后随访3～24个月,IDUS显示108例结石完全清除者与40例存在残石者结石复发率分别为8.33%(9/108)、62.50%(25/40),差异有统计学意义(P0.01);术后24个月累积无复发率差异有统计学意义(88.40%、14.40%,P0.01)。多因素分析结果显示,IDUS所示胆总管残石、胆总管直径及角度均为结石复发的独立危险因素(P均0.05)。结论 IDUS能发现胆总管造影难以显示的胆总管残石、尤其细小结石(3 mm),用于辅助ERCP联合EST取石有助于减少术后结石复发。     

海德堡三角清扫在胰腺癌根治术中的应用价值

目的探讨海德堡三角清扫在胰腺癌根治术中的应用价值。方法采用回顾性描述性研究方法。收集2020年3―7月南京医科大学第一附属医院收治的30例行海德堡三角清扫胰腺癌病人的临床病理资料;男12例,女18例;中位年龄为65岁,年龄范围为41~79岁。病人完成肿瘤可切除性评估和肝十二指肠韧带廓清后,显露肠系膜上动脉、腹腔干、肝总动脉、门静脉及肠系膜上静脉,根据肿瘤部位行胰十二指肠切除术、胰体尾切除术或者全胰腺切除术,并完成海德堡三角区域内神经纤维及淋巴结组织清扫。胰十二指肠切除术至少完成肠系膜上动脉和腹腔干右半周骨骼化,胰体尾切除术时至少完成肠系膜上动脉和腹腔干左半周骨骼化,全胰腺切除术时原则上需完成肠系膜上动脉和腹腔干全周骨骼化,手术均彻底清除肠系膜上动脉和腹腔干夹角处的神经纤维及淋巴结组织。观察指标:(1)手术情况与术后组织病理学检查。(2)术后恢复情况。(3)随访情况。采用电话或门诊方式进行定期随访,了解病人肿瘤复发转移情况,随访时间截至2021年1月。偏态分布的计量资料以M(范围)表示。计数资料以绝对数或百分比表示,组间比较采用Fisher确切概率法。结果(1)手术情况与术后组织病理学检查:30例病人均行开腹手术,其中21例行胰十二指肠切除术,6例行胰体尾切除术,2例行全胰腺切除术,1例行保留中段的胰腺切除术;16例病人联合门静脉-肠系膜上静脉切除术;3例联合左侧肾上腺切除术。30例病人中,5例术中肠系膜上动脉-腹腔干周围组织清扫范围为1.00周,8例为1.25周,8例为1.50周,9例为1.75~2.00周。16例病人离断胃左静脉,14例保留胃左静脉。30例病人手术时间为287 min(165~495 min),术中出血量为275 mL(50~800 mL)。9例病人术中输注红细胞或冰冻血浆。术后组织病理学检查结果示肿瘤长径为3.4 cm(1.2~7.3 cm),淋巴结检出数目为20枚(9~35枚),阳性淋巴结数目为2枚(0~19枚)。30例病人中,20例肿瘤分化程度为中分化,10例为低分化。9例病人环周切缘为R0切除,17例为切缘1 mm R1切除,4例为R1切除。术后病理学T分期:30例病人中,3例为T1期,18例为T2期,5例为T3期,4例为T4期。术后病理学N分期:30例病人中,9例为N0期,13例为N1期,8例为N2期。术后病理学TNM分期:30例病人中,2例为Ⅰa期,2例为Ⅰb期,3例为Ⅱa期,11例为Ⅱb期,12例为Ⅲ期。(2)术后恢复情况:30例病人中,20例发生术后并发症,其中Clavien-DindoⅠ级并发症6例,Ⅱ级并发症9例,Ⅲa级并发症3例,Ⅴ级并发症2例。术中肠系膜上动脉-腹腔干周围组织清扫1.00周的病人术后腹泻发生情况为0,清扫1.25周的病人术后腹泻发生情况为1/8,清扫1.50周的病人术后腹泻发生情况为4/8,清扫1.75~2.00周的病人术后腹泻发生情况为9/9,4者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术中离断胃左静脉病人术后胃排空延迟发生情况为5/16,保留胃左静脉病人术后胃排空延迟发生情况为1/14,两者比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。30例病人中,19例行术后辅助化疗;28例顺利出院,术后住院时间为15 d(8~68 d);2例病人死亡。3例病人术后90 d内非计划性再入院。(3)随访情况:28例出院病人均获得随访,随访时间为1.0~9.0个月,中位随访时间为6.5个月。随访期间,1例局部进展期病人发生局部复发,9例病人发生肝转移(4例可切除胰腺癌、4例边界可切除胰腺癌、1例局部进展期胰腺癌),1例边界可切除胰腺癌病人发生腹膜转移。17例病人无瘤生存。结论海德堡三角清扫应用于胰腺癌根治术肿瘤根治程度较高,术后局部复发率较低,术后并发症发生率及病死率稍高,其远期疗效需进一步评估,建议对选择性病例行新辅助治疗后在高流量胰腺外科中心进行。     

上海市耐药和非耐药肺结核患者服药依从性分析

摘 要：目的：探讨银屑病复发的影响因素。方法：选取2018年11月—2020年5月在长春中医药大学附属第三临床医 院进行治疗的银屑病患者 347例,统计患者在随访期间银屑病的复发情况,探讨影响银屑病治疗后复发的危险因素。结果： 本次研究纳入病例 347 例,完成 1 年随访的患者有 338 例,而在随访期间有 153 例银屑病患者出现复发情况,复发率高达 45.27%。经单因素分析,银屑病复发与银屑病家族史、饮酒史、精神状态异常、感染、环境潮湿、不规范用药等有关。经多 因素logistic回归分析显示,银屑病家族史、饮酒史、精神状态异常、感染、环境潮湿、不规范用药为银屑病复发的独立危险 因素。结论：银屑病患者在治疗后有较高的复发率,患者的复发主要受到银屑病家族史、饮酒史、精神状态异常、感染、环 境潮湿、不规范用药等危险因素的影响。