Diagnosis of pneumothorax in critically ill adults

The diagnosis of pneumothorax is established from the patients' history, physical examination and, where possible, by radiological investigations. Adult respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, and trauma are important predictors of pneumothorax, as are various practical procedures including mechanical ventilation, central line insertion, and surgical procedures in the thorax, head, and neck and abdomen. Examination should include an inspection of the ventilator observations and chest drainage systems as well as the patient's cardiovascular and respiratory systems.Radiological diagnosis is normally confined to plain frontal radiographs in the critically ill patient, although lateral images and computed tomography are also important. Situations are described where an abnormal lucency or an apparent lung edge may be confused with a pneumothorax. These may arise from outside the thoracic cavity or from lung abnormalities or abdominal viscera inside the chest.     

穿透性胃溃疡恶变12例影像学分析

目的提高对穿透性胃溃疡恶变的影像学诊断及鉴别诊断的认识。方法经手术病理证实的12例穿透性胃溃疡恶变病例，均行胃钡餐造影，10例加行CT扫描。结果胃钡餐造影出现深大龛影12例，其中腔外龛影10例，部分腔内龛影2例，出现穿孔2例。CT见胃壁增厚8例，胃内软组织块影2例，胃外软组织块影2例，腹腔、肝门、腹膜后淋巴结肿大6例。结论胃钡餐造影对穿透性胃溃疡有良好的显示，还可以发现CT显示不理想的胃黏膜面，对估计病变的范围和溃疡、穿孔方面优于CT。但CT能清楚观察胃壁的厚度、胃外肿块、与周围脏器的关系以及胃外有无淋巴结肿大，能对判断穿透性胃溃疡有无恶变等提供更多准确的信息。     

Abnormalities on chest radiographs following radiation therapy for breast cancer

The aim of this study was to study pulmonary radiological abnormalities with chest radiography following different radiotherapy (RT) techniques for breast cancer with respect to regions and density, and their association with pulmonary complications and reduction in vital capacity (VC). Chest radiographs were performed 5 months following local or loco-regional RT in 167 breast cancer patients. The radiological abnormalities were analysed with a classification system originally proposed by Arriagada and evaluated according to increasing density (0–3) and affected lung regions (apical–lateral, basal–lateral, central–parahilar). The highest-density grades in each region were added together to form scores ranging from 0 to 9. The patients were monitored for RT-induced pulmonary complications. The VC was measured prior to and 5 months following RT. An independent evaluation of 51 patients was performed by a second radiologist to control the reproducibility of the classification system. Increasing scores were associated with loco-regional RT and pulmonary complications (P < 0.001). The mean reduction of VC for patients scoring 0–3 (–30 ml) vs 4–9 (–161 ml) was not statistically significant (P = 0.10). Scores of 4–9 were more frequently observed in older patients (P < 0.001). The independent evaluations by two radiologists revealed good agreement (P < 0.001) and no systematic inter-observer variation. Radiological abnormalities on chest radiographs, scored according to Arriagada, can be used as an objective end point for RT-induced pulmonary side effects in breast cancer. Received: 4 February 1999; Revision received: 1 April 1999; Accepted: 5 May 1999     

乳腺癌的CT和钼靶摄影分析

目的 探讨CT和钼靶摄影在诊断乳腺癌中的价值。方法 收集23例乳腺癌，均为术后病理证实。钼靶采用美国GE公司Senographe2000D全数字化乳腺X线摄影机进行头尾位和中侧斜位进行双乳摄影，必要时加照中侧位和局部点压放大及其他特殊体位摄影。CT采用snmalom AR．SP螺旋CT机进行平扫和增强扫描，扫描范围从腋窝顶部至乳房下界。23例全部采用增强扫描，分别在注射造影剂100ml后30s、60s、90s时进行动脉相、静脉相、延迟相哪扫描，病人采用俯卧位，上胸及腹部垫高，使乳房自然下垂，双前臂交叉放在头上。结果 钼靶对乳腺癌诊断率为78．3％，钼靶和CT结合达到91．3％。在显示病变与周围组织的关系、腋窝淋巴结、观察病变的血流动力学改变及小而致密的乳腺或贴近胸壁的病变，CT优于钼靶。对微小钙化的显示，钼靶比CT敏感。结论 临床可疑乳腺癌病例先进行钼靶摄影，必要时进行叫增强扫描，二者结合可明显提高诊断率。     

儿童甲型H1N1流感病毒肺炎的胸部影像学特征

<正>2009年3月墨西哥暴发甲型HIN1流感疫情,随后出现了全球大流行。此次疫情的病原为变异后的新型甲型H1N1流感病毒,人类普遍易感[1-2]。甲型H1N1流感是一种急性呼吸系统传染病,多数病例临床表现温和,少数病例病情进展迅速,可出现病毒性肺炎,合并呼吸衰竭、多脏器功能损伤,严重者可导致死亡。据文献报道,甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎患者中71%为严重肺炎,发生年龄为5～59岁[3],     

基于影像学特征对骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折病人经皮椎体成形术后同椎体再发骨折的预测研究

目的 探讨基于影像学特征对骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折（OVCF）病人经皮椎体成形术（PVP）后的列线图模型预测术椎椎体再发骨折的价值。方法 回顾性纳入急性OVCF并行PVP后的病人93例。所有病人均行X线及MRI检查,根据椎体再发骨折诊断标准将病人分为再发骨折组（48例）和无再发骨折组（45例）。采用t检验和卡方检验比较2组间临床资料及影像特征的差异,对差异有统计学意义的指标进行多因素Logistic回归分析,获取再发骨折的独立危险因素,采用R软件建立列线图模型并绘制其校准曲线。采用受试者操作特征（ROC）曲线评估模型的预测效能,计算ROC曲线下面积（AUC）。应用校准曲线对列线图模型进行验证。结果 再发骨折组的椎体高度恢复率、延伸至终板的骨折线、椎体内裂隙（IVC）、骨水泥周围积液及骨水泥-终板未接触（NPEC）与无再发骨折组的差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;多因素Logistic回归分析显示延伸至终板的骨折线[优势比（OR）=3.232]、存在IVC(OR=27.117)和NPEC(OR=1.993)及较高的椎体高度恢复率（OR=2.943）为同椎体再发骨折的独立危险因素（...     

X线、MSCT和MRI对主动脉夹层的临床运用对比研究

目的对比分析X线、MSCT及MRI在主动脉夹层（AD）中影像学特征,并评价其临床运用价值。方法 30例经手术或行DSA造影证实的AD患者,对其X线、MSCT及MRI检查影像资料进行分析,总结归纳其影像特点。结果 X线仅见AD的间接征象,而MSCT和MRI均能不同程度地显示真假两腔、内膜破口、内膜片及附壁血栓。结论 X线对AD只能提示诊断,而MSCT和MRI可作特异性诊断,并且MRI在显示AD的破口位置、无钙化的内膜片及附壁血栓时均优于MSCT,但对内膜及主动脉壁钙化和急危重者的检查MSCT优于MRI。     

直接数字化摄影在尘肺病检查及诊断中的应用研究

目的：探讨直接数字化摄影（DR）技术在尘肺病检查和诊断方面的应用价值。方法选择来我院欲提交诊断的20世纪60～80年代参加国防施工的复退军人及部分经职业健康查体筛选的企业工人共计811例,同时拍摄高千伏（HkV）胸片及DR胸片,部分加照CT扫描胸片,并对二组胸片进行质量及尘肺病诊断一致性等方面的比较。结果二组胸片的质量对比发现：DR胸片总体质量优于高千伏胸片,尤其DR胸片的一级片率明显高于 HkV胸片,DR胸片的三级片率明显低于HkV胸片,且差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）;DR胸片在图像清晰度及肺部微细结构显示方面较好,两组胸片的诊断结果基本一致,尘肺患者胸片在小阴影形态、总体密集度、分布范围方面无明显差别。结论 DR胸片质量好于HkV胸片,三级片率明显低于HkV胸片;DR摄影可用于尘肺病检查与分期诊断。     

房室间隔缺损的二维超声心动图临床及X线分析

本文报告运用二维超声心动图技术,结合临床和X线检查,诊断房室间隔缺损54例,手术证实15例。结果表明:二维超声心动图对诊断房室间隔缺损具有重要价值。在进行这项检查时,如结合做超声造影、临床和X线表现,对较小的房室间隔缺损也能得到明确诊断。     

骨关节放大相的临床应用（附133例病例分析）

１３３例骨关节放大相，其中肋骨６３例、胸腰椎１６例、骨关节及四肢管状骨３１例、手２３例。对骨放大相投照方法、诊断价值、优点和临床应用进行了探讨。