不同氟浓度与老年人群骨折关系调查研究

目的 了解不同饮水氟浓度与老年人群骨折的关系。方法 选择6个不同的水氟浓度组(0．25mg／L-7．97mg／L)，采用整群抽样的方法，每个组抽取1500人左右，对≥50岁且居住于本地的人群进行骨折及有关情况的回顾性流行病学调查。结果 本次共调查8260人，共发生骨折531人，总骨折率为6．42％，男性骨折率(7．46％)高于女性(5．51％)，差异有显著性。低饮水氟和高饮水氟两组人群的骨折率高于正常饮水氟组的骨折率，差异有显著性，饮水氟浓度与接触人群的骨折率之间呈现U型曲线相关，饮水氟浓度与接触人群的自然骨折仍然呈现U型曲线分布。在髋部骨折病例中，饮水氟最高浓度组的髋部骨折率高于正常饮水氟浓度组。饮水氟正常组(1．00mg／L～1．06mg／L)的二次骨折率和二个部位骨折率低于其他饮水氟组。结论 低氟或超量摄氟都会增加骨折的危险，适宜的饮水氟有益于降低骨折的危险。     

Estimating numbers of injecting drug users in metropolitan areas for structural analyses of community vulnerability and for assessing relative degrees of service provision for injecting drug users

This article estimates the population prevalence of current injection drug users (IDUs) in 96 large US metropolitan areas to facilitate structural analyses of its predictors and sequelae and assesses the extent to which drug abuse treatment and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) counseling and testing are made available to drug injectors in each metropolitan area. We estimated the total number of current IDUs in the United States and then allocated the large metropolitan area total among large metropolitan areas using four different multiplier methods. Mean values were used as best estimates, and their validity and limitations were assessed. Prevalence of drug injectors per 10,000 population varied from 19 to 173 (median 60; interquartile range 42–87). Proportions of drug injectors in treatment varied from 1.0% to 39.3% (median 8.6%); and the ratio of HIV counseling and testing events to the estimated number of IDUs varied from 0.013 to 0.285 (median 0.082). Despite limitations in the accuracy of these estimates, they can be used for structural analyses of the correlates and predictors of the population density of drug injectors in metropolitan areas and for assessing the extent of service delivery to drug injectors. Although service provision levels varied considerably, few if any metropolitan areas seemed to be providing adequate levels of services.     

Socioeconomic status and prevalence of allergic rhinitis and atopic eczema symptoms in young adolescents

Environmental factors are known to influence the development of allergic rhinitis and atopic eczema in genetically susceptible individuals. Socioeconomic status (SES) may be an important indicator of risk for these conditions. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase 1 written questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence and severity of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic eczema symptoms in 4947 pupils aged 13-14 years attending 30 schools in socioeconomically diverse areas of Cape Town. Home addresses were used to stratify participants into five SES bands. Relationships between symptom prevalence and severity, and SES, recent urbanization and upward socioeconomic mobility were examined. Logistic regression was used to generate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in order to assess overall trends by SES. The prevalences of self-reported allergic rhinitis symptoms and recurrent itchy rash in the past year were 33.2% and 11.9% respectively. Girls had a significantly higher prevalence of all symptoms than boys. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis symptoms increased from lowest to highest SES (overall OR for rhinitis symptoms in past year = 1.16, 95% CI 1.11-1.21). There was no significant trend in reported eczema symptoms by SES other than for the question, 'Have you ever had eczema' (OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.83-0.93). Longer period of urbanization was weakly associated only with recurrent itchy skin rash (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.01-1.09). 'Socially mobile' pupils, i.e. those resident in the lowest SES areas but attending highest SES schools showed significantly higher prevalences of eczema and some rhinitis symptoms than pupils attending lowest SES schools. These findings may reflect differences in reporting related to language, culture and access to medical care rather than real differences in prevalence.     

Primary clinical analysis of medical disorders in Chinese women with endometrial carcinoma

The objectives of this study were to survey the prevalence of medical disorders in Chinese women with endometrial carcinoma and evaluate their potential impact on the clinical treatment and prognosis. Three hundred and seven women with endometrial carcinoma, from July 1, 1971 to October 31, 2001, were analyzed retrospectively. One hundred and forty-six of them (47.6%) were found to have associated medical disorders. The most common medical disorders were hypertension (33.9%), diabetes mellitus (9.8%), and coronary heart disease (9.4%). As many as 38.4% of the women had two or more medical disorders. The patients with medical disorders were on average elder than those without any medical disorders (P < 0.01). Radiotherapy and chemotherapy were administered more commonly in the group with medical disorders than in the one without (P < 0.01). The rate of surgical procedures was significantly lower in the group with medical disorders than in the group without (P < 0.01). However, the extent of surgical interventions was similar in both groups (P > 0.05). The occurrence of medical disorders was independent of the tumor stage, grade, and histological types (P > 0.05). In addition, follow-up data showed that the 3-year and 5-year survivals were not influenced by the medical disorders (P > 0.05). The results thus suggest that Chinese women with endometrial carcinoma have frequently concurrent medical disorders. Selection of treatment strategies can be influenced by these associated medical disorders, but the overall survival is little changed.     

我院医院感染现患率调查分析

目的了解某院医院感染现患率,发现医院感染管理中存在的问题和医院感染发生的特点,以改进预防控制措施.方法统一培训调查人员,床旁询问病史、体格检查与在架病历调查相结合,填写统一的个案调查表.对调查日处于医院感染状态的病例进行统计分析.结果应查病例512人,实查495人,实查率96.68%.发生医院感染40例,41例次,医院感染现患率为8.08%、例次现患率为8.28%,高于日常连续性调查结果.医院感染部位以下呼吸道居首位.结论医院感染现患率调查有利于发现医院感染管理工作中存在的问题,为制定医院感染监控措施提供可靠依据.     

不同体重与腰围与糖耐量低减患病率的关系

目的 了解不同体重、腰围、超重和肥胖与糖耐量低减(IGT)患病率关系，为预防和控制IGT提供科学依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样方法，随机抽取2个社区和2个乡镇15岁以上本地居住5年以上的居民，共计4682人。进行问卷调查，测量身高、体重、腰围，测定空腹口服75g葡萄糖后2h血糖。结果 IGT患病率为7．07％，其中男性为7．43％，女性为6．82％。IGT患病率随体重的增加而不断增高，但30kg组IGT患病率大于40～60kg组，呈现“√”形关系。随腰围增大IGT患病率呈明显上升趋势，至腰围100cm组时达到高峰，此趋势在男、女性中一致，超重、肥胖组IGT患病率明显高于BMI正常组和低体重组，其OR值分别为1．62和2．22，95％C1分别为1．50～2．72和1．87～4．28。结论 IGT的发生与体重、超重和肥胖，尤其是腹型肥胖之间存在密切关联。因此，应保持适当体重和正常体型，加强对肥胖人群和IGT患者的干预。减少糖尿病的发生。     

干休所代谢综合征流行病学调查及生活方式强化干预

目的:调查北京136个军队老年集聚社区居民代谢综合征(m etabolic syndrom e,MS)的患病率及危险因素;探讨生活方式强化干预对MS患者早期治疗及降低危险因素的效果。方法:于2004年5~6月对北京136个以离退休干部为主体的军队社区、2 335名医疗体系属于我院的常住居民通过健康体检后进行MS的筛查和评价;对明确诊断MS患者实施健康教育、饮食和运动等生活方式强化干预。结果:在被调查的2 335人中MS患病率为28.7%,具有4个危险因素者占6.9%。饮食、运动干预后饮食结构趋于合理,中、老年组平均体重指数下降2~4 kg。结论:对MS高危人群进行常规筛查和评价,可促进MS的早期临床诊断;生活方式强化干预可增强老年人维护健康的意识,积极的防治有利于MS的转归及防止并发症的发生及发展。     

东莞市厚街镇2001～2004年法定传染病流行态势分析

目的对本镇法定传染病的流行态势进行分析,为掌握和控制传染病疫情的发展和流行提供科学的决策依据。方法采用描述流行病学现状分析的研究方法对东莞市厚街镇2001～2004年法定传染病的流行态势进行分析。结果2001～2004年甲乙类传染病年发病率逐年增高,由2001年的333.67/10万增高到2004年的643.47/10万(χ2=460.9691,P<0.0001);肺结核发病率逐年增加(χ2=403.5444,P<0.0001);乙肝发病数2004年有所下降;肠道传染病发病数呈下降趋势;淋病、梅毒等性传播类传染病呈上升趋势;人群分布方面本地发病率与外地发病率有显著性差异(χ2=847.2731,P<0.0001)。结论加强和控制肺结核、麻疹、淋病这些主要传染病的发生和流行成为降低本镇传染病发病率的主要措施;积极开展健康教育是控制肺结核病的关键措施;对外来人口中的易感人群进行麻疹疫苗接种,可减少和控制本地区的麻疹流行。     

男性吸毒人群HBV、HCV重叠感染状况及其影响因素的研究

目的了解男性吸毒人群中HBV、HCV重叠感染影响因素,为预防HBV、HCV提供科学依据。方法采用现况调查的方法,通过整群抽样,以问卷调查方式,随机抽取男性吸毒人员452名,收集有关资料并采集血标本452份。以ELISA方法检测血清中的HBV表面抗原与HCV抗体,用SPSS1.0进行数据统计分析。结果男性吸毒者HBV、HCV重叠感染率为29.46%,单因素分析:吸毒方式、注射频率、戒毒次数的HBV与HCV重叠感染有具有显著性差异(P<0.05),而不同职业、地区、吸毒年限、性行为等的HBV与HCV重叠感染率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。多因素分析:职业、吸毒年限、每天吸毒次数、戒毒次数、性行为是否用安全套、性伙伴是否患有肝炎、曾是否接受血液制品、接受血液制品次数等8个因素的HBV与HCV重叠感染率差异有显著性。结论男性吸毒人群是HBV与HCV感染的高危人群,并与吸毒方式、吸毒年限、性行为等因素有关。     

冠心病伴下肢外周动脉病住院患者患病率及用药状况分析

目的 了解我国冠心病住院患者下肢外周动脉病（peripheral arterial disease，PAD）的患病率及用药状况。方法 连续入选上海第十人民医院等32家医院的冠心病住院患者1228例为研究对象；测量踝臂指数（ankle-brachial index，ABI）并收集用药情况；ABI〈0．9诊断为PAD。结果 冠心病患者的PAD患病率为32．4％；PAD患者中67．6％使用他汀类药物，70．1％使用ACEI类药物，87．4％使用抗血小板药物，62．8％的PAD患者同时使用他汀类和抗血小板药物；多元分析PAD患者使用利尿剂的OR及95％CI为1．719（1．252～2．539），其他用药情况对PAD没有显示统计学差别。结论 冠心病患者常伴有下肢外周动脉病，临床上未引起对PAD的足够重视，应在治疗冠心病的同时给予PAD正规积极的治疗。