基于变精度粗糙-模糊集模型的诊断知识获取

提出一种基于变精度粗糙-模糊集模型的诊断知识获取算法,利用相似性聚类方法自动获取模糊隶属函数,将连续属性表示成模糊值,通过定义模糊相似关系和模糊相似类给出了变精度粗糙-模糊模型的近似表示,并引入蚁群算法求取模糊相似关系下的属性约简,进行诊断知识的获取。将其应用于精对苯二甲酸生产过程尾氧浓度故障诊断知识获取中,结果表明:该算法可以从故障数据中提取更客观有效的诊断规则,在实际故障诊断中具有很好的应用价值。     

儿童功能性构音障碍的初步分析

目的分析功能性构音障碍儿童的语音特点,为语音治疗和鉴别诊断提供依据。方法选择172例功能性构音障碍患儿为研究对象,按照年龄分为4～5岁组和6～10岁组,以四川大学华西口腔医院唇腭裂外科语音清晰度测试表作为测试材料,记录患儿自发性语音样本。由2位专业语音师对患儿的发音进行现场判听,并对其语音样本进行分析比较。结果功能性构音障碍的表现形式以替代和省略为主。2个年龄组中,错误频率最高的是舌尖前音,最低的是双唇音和唇齿音。6～10岁组腭化和侧化构音的比例高于4～5岁组。结论功能性构音障碍的表现形式以替代和省略为主,舌尖前音是错误频率最高的辅音,双唇音和唇齿音发生错误比例最少;双唇音、唇齿音、舌尖音和舌根音的错误一般都是单纯的替代,而舌尖前音、舌面音的错误除了单纯的替代之外,较多出现腭化构音和侧化构音。     

MR Imaging in the 21st Century: Technical Innovation over the First Two Decades

Clinical MRI systems have continually improved over the years since their introduction in the 1980s. In MRI technical development, the developments in each MRI system component, including data acquisition, image reconstruction, and hardware systems, have impacted the others. Progress in each component has induced new technology development opportunities in other components. New technologies outside of the MRI field, for example, computer science, data processing, and semiconductors, have been immediately incorporated into MRI development, which resulted in innovative applications. With high performance computing and MR technology innovations, MRI can now provide large volumes of functional and anatomical image datasets, which are important tools in various research fields. MRI systems are now combined with other modalities, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or therapeutic devices. These hybrid systems provide additional capabilities.In this review, MRI advances in the last two decades will be considered. We will discuss the progress of MRI systems, the enabling technology, established applications, current trends, and the future outlook.     

我国医疗机构重点监控药品监测平台合理应用管理指标的探讨

目的:探讨重点监控药品监测平台的合理应用管理指标,为提高重点监控药品临床应用管理水平提供参考。方法:采用文献研究和专家论证的方法,提出医疗机构重点监控药品的指标。结果与结论:最终明确了医疗机构采购前20位药品目录、重点监控药品采购品规数、住院患者重点监控药品使用率、重点监控药品收入占比、住院患者重点监控药品费用增幅、住院患者单个重点监控药品费用增幅、住院患者重点监控药品次均费用增幅、使用重点监控药品的医嘱点评比例等8项重点监控药品通用性指标,以及医疗机构基本情况、病案首页、住院患者用药数据、医疗机构药品采购数据等4项数据采集项目。综上,建立的医疗机构重点监控药品监测平台可为提高重点监控药品临床应用管理提供参考。     

Effectiveness of training on the community skills of children with intellectual disabilities

Background: Children with intellectual disabilities often have difficulties in daily tasks, requiring training to increase functional independence. This study measured the effectiveness of community skills training in a telephone task and a shopping task, and examined if community-based training was more effective than classroom-based training. Material and methods: A randomized control trial with 40 children aged 9–11years was completed. Intervention groups attended an eight-week training programme; the control group received no treatment. One intervention group practised skills in local shops. All participants were assessed before and after treatment in a shopping task and telephone task, using task analysis methodology. Results: Data showed a highly statistically significant difference between intervention and control groups in the shopping task (p=0.007); however, there was no significant difference between classroom and classroom supplemented by community-based learning in the shopping task. There was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the telephone task. Conclusion: Results suggested that skills training was effective in one of the skill areas with this client group. Further research is required to determine if community-based training is more effective than classroom-based learning.     

Single and repeated exposures to the volatile anesthetic isoflurane do not impair operant performance in aged rats

Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD) is a complication that can occur in the elderly after anesthesia and surgery and is characterized by impairments in information processing, memory, and executive function. Currently, it is unclear whether POCD is due to the effects of surgery, anesthesia, or perhaps some interaction between these or other perioperative variables. Studies in rodents suggest that the development of POCD may be related directly to anesthesia-induced neuroactivity. Volatile anesthetics have been shown to increase cellular inflammation and apoptosis within the hippocampus of aged rodents, while producing corresponding impairments in hippocampal-dependent brain functions. However, it is unclear whether volatile anesthetics can affect additional aspects of cognition that do not primarily depend upon the hippocampus. The purpose of this study was to use established operant tests to examine the effects of isoflurane on aspects of behavioral inhibition, learning, and motivation in aged rats. Twenty-one adult Sprague-Dawley rats (11 male, 10 female) were trained to perform fixed consecutive number (FCN), incremental repeated acquisition (IRA), and progressive ratio (PR) tasks for a minimum of 15 months prior to receiving anesthesia. At 23 months of age, rats were exposed to 1.3% isoflurane or medical grade air for 2 h. Initial results revealed that a 2 h exposure to isoflurane had no effect on IRA, FCN, or PR performance. Thus, rats received 3 additional exposures to 1.3% isoflurane or medical grade air: 2, 4 and 6 h exposures with 2 weeks elapsing before exposure two, 3 weeks elapsing between exposures two and three, and 2 weeks elapsing between exposures three and four. These additional exposures had no observable effects on performance of any operant task. These results suggest that single and repeated exposures to isoflurane do not impair the performance of aged rats in tasks designed to measure behavioral inhibition, learning, and motivation. This lack of significant effect suggests that the impairments associated with isoflurane exposure may not generalize to all aspects of cognition, but may be selective to tasks that primarily measure spatial memory processes.