慢性肾小球肾炎32例诊治探讨

目的探讨慢性肾小球肾炎的最佳治疗方法。方法回顾性总结32例在门诊诊治和随访的未经肾活检病理检查的慢性肾小球肾炎患者的治疗药物种类，疗程和治疗前后24h尿蛋白定量，肾功能等变化。结果32例患者除5例因疗效不佳行肾活检病理检查外，其余27例均有较为显著疗效。24h尿蛋白定量，尿常规等明显改善。而肾功能等生化指标未受影响。结论有些慢性肾小球肾炎患者可以在不做肾活检的情况下进行以药物为主的综合治疗。糖皮质激素等药物是较为有效的，其剂量除肾病综合症按常规剂量外，其余病例均因人因病情而宜。治疗宜早，疗程要长，减量尽量慢。     

小儿急进性肾炎和新月体肾炎的再认识:附43例临床与病理分析

目的 探讨小儿急进性肾炎和新月体肾炎的病因、临床以及病理特点及两者之间的关系。方法 回顾总结1987年至2002年临床诊断急进性肾炎或病理诊断新月体肾炎的43例住院患儿的临床资料。结果 患儿以学龄儿童多见，60．5％为原发性肾脏疾病，绝大多数表现为浮肿、少尿、高血压、肉眼血尿及肾病水平蛋白尿。部分(24．0％)急进性肾炎的肾脏病理为非新月体肾炎，包括毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎、Ⅳ型膜增殖性狼疮性肾炎、增生硬化性肾小球肾炎及局灶节段性肾小球硬化：而部分(32．1％)新月体肾炎的临床表现为非急进性肾炎，包括肾病综合征(肾炎型)、急性肾炎综合征及慢性肾脏疾病。予正规治疗的25例患儿中，44．0％的患儿肾功能恢复，44．0％的患儿肾功能好转。结论 急进性肾炎是临床诊断，新月体肾炎是病理诊断，两者并非完全一致；积极行肾穿刺活检，有助于明确肾脏病理类型，指导治疗；早期诊断、及时治疗有助于改善急进性肾炎或新月体肾炎患儿的预后。     

20例乙型肝炎病毒相关肾炎的临床和病理分析

目的　探讨乙型肝炎病毒相关肾炎 (HBV GN)的临床和病理。方法　 2 0例HBV GN ,临床表现肾病综合征 17例 ,其中单纯性肾病 4例 ,肾炎性肾病 13例 ;单纯性蛋白尿 2例 ;肾炎综合征 1例。结果　肾活检病理诊断膜性肾炎 (MN) 15例 ,膜增生性肾小球肾炎 (MPGN) 3例 ,系膜增生性肾小球肾炎 (MsPGN) 2例。平均随访 5 .7年。 2 0例中 8例应用重组人α 干扰素治疗 ,5例完全缓解 ,3例HBsAg、HBeAg转阴 ,1例HBeAg转阴并出现抗HBe ;2例部分缓解 ;1例无效。结论　HBV GN病理以MN为主 ,且预后尚好     

慢性肾小球肾炎伴肾衰患者血清α1肾上腺素受体和抗血管紧张素Ⅱ受体1型自身抗体检测结果分析

目的 探讨抗血管紧张素Ⅱ受体1型（AT1-受体）、α1-肾上腺素受体（α1-受体）、自身抗体是否与慢性肾小球肾炎（CaN）发病有关。方法 以合成的AT1受体和α1受体多肽片段为抗原，应用酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）技术，检测66例CGN患者、58例高血压病患者及柏例正常人血清中抗AT1和α1受体自身抗体。结果 CGN肾功能不全组抗AT1和α1受体抗体阳性率分别为56．1％（37／66）和53．0%（36／66），高于高血压无肾损害组（分别为15．5％和12．1％）及正常对照组（分别为10％和12．5％），P〈0．01。结论 抗G蛋白偶联型受体自身抗体可能与慢性肾小球肾炎发病有关。     

B/C基因型的乙型肝炎病毒在不同ALT状态下对乙型肝炎相关性肾炎的差异性影响

【目的】探讨不同ALT状态下B/C基因型的乙型肝炎病毒对乙型肝炎相关性肾小球肾炎的差异性影响。【方法】回顾性分析兰州大学第一医院确诊为乙型肝炎相关性肾小球肾炎的患者558例,所选病人均病历完整,均接受过肾组织病理学检查,化验指标包括：丙氨酸氨基转移酶、肌酐、尿β2微球蛋白、尿N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶、血尿素氮、肾小球滤过率、乙型肝炎病毒载量及基因型。【结果】B型C型基因型的乙肝相关性肾小球肾炎均以弥漫性膜增生性肾病为主（57.9%vs.54.4%）,其次为毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎（25.3%vs.28.0%）,局灶节段肾小球硬化（9.7%vs.9.0%）和系膜增生性病变（7.1%vs.8.6%）较为少见。在ALT正常组B/C基因型的乙型肝炎病毒对肾脏功能影响差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。而在ALT≥2倍上限组中,C型基因型较B型基因型的乙型肝炎相关性肾小球肾炎患者中,血肌酐、血尿素氮、24h尿蛋白定量、尿NAG、尿β2M明显增高（P<0.05）,而肾小球滤过率GFR明显下降（P<0.05）,差异有统计学意义。在ALT正常组中B/C型的乙型肝炎病毒对慢性肾脏病分期差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。而在ALT≥2倍上限组中,C型基因型较B型基因型的乙型肝炎相关性肾小球患者中,慢性肾脏病分期有趋于加重的倾向（χ2=11.144,P=0.025）。【结论】对比分析不同基因型的乙型肝炎病毒对乙型肝炎相关性肾炎的差异性影响,将有助于帮助临床诊治乙型肝炎相关性肾炎。     

Relationship between cryoglobulinemia-associated nephritis and HCV infection

The pathogenetic mechanisms in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cryoglobulinemia are sustained by the chronic lymphocyte stimulation of HCV infection, and include the synthesis of IgM rheumatoid factor and tissue deposition of immunocomplexes, characterized by abnormal kinetics and an underlying lymphoproliferative disorder. Based on postulated pathogenetic mechanisms, therapeutic strategies include antiviral, immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory treatments. Combined interferon and ribavirin has shown a better response rate than interferon alone. Pegylated interferons are currently recommended in association with ribavirin. Advances in tolerance might be achieved by tailoring doses and treatment duration according to genotype and individual factors. Conventional immunosuppressive therapy has been widely used in patients with progressive renal involvement or relapsing disease. Rituximab is a promising alternative treatment option for severe cryoglobulinemic vasculitis and nephritis. Although the optimal treatment strategy in HCV-related cryoglobulinemia has not been determined yet, an algorithm based on the clinical severity of disease could be proposed, in which rituximab might be a first-line option in severe cases.     

Rituximab or Cyclophosphamide in the Treatment of Membranous Nephropathy: The RI-CYCLO Randomized Trial

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Oliguric and non-oliguric acute renal failure in malaria in west zone of rajasthan,India-A comparative study

ObjectiveTo report a comparative clinical and histopathological study on oliguric and non-oliguric acute renal failure (ARF) in malaria.Method311 consecutive cases of malaria out of which 74 (23.79%) had ARF as per WHO criteria were conducted. Mean age was 32.58 (range 15–60 years) and male: female was 2:1.ResultMost of the cases developed ARF within 10 d of onset. 18 cases (11 falciparum, 2 mixed, 5 vivax) presented with oliguric and 56 (41 falciparum, 6 mixed, 9 vivax) with non-oliguric renal failure. Associated major manifestations were jaundice (75.68%), cerebral malaria (41.89%), bleeding manifestations (32.43%), severe anemia (27.03%), hypotension (25.68%), multi-organ failure (18.92%), severe thrombocytopenia (12.16%), and ARDS (8.11%). Kidney biopsy (n=20) showed acute tubular necrosis (n=7), Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (n=4) or both (n=9). Hemodialysis was done in 8 cases of oliguric renal failure out of which 4 survived (average no. of session 2.9).ConclusionMost of the cases recovered within 3 weeks. Total mortality was 28.38% (n=21) and mortality was more in oliguric renal failure (72.22%) as compare to non-oliguric renal failure (14.29%).