液基薄层细胞检查在宫颈癌及癌前病变筛查中的应用

目的 探讨应用新柏氏液基细胞检查(thinprep cytology test,TCT)筛查宫颈癌及癌前病变的准确性. 方法回顾性分析2008年1～6月在本院接受宫颈TCT检查的患者3 859例,细胞学诊断采用TBS (the bethesda system)标准,细胞学结果为非典型鳞状上皮细胞不除外高度病变(atypical squamous cell-cannot exclude HSIL,ASC-H)者、所有低度鳞状上皮内病变(low-grade intraepithelial lesion,LSIL)及其以上鳞状上皮病变者均在阴道镜指导下进行活检,组织送病理学检查,将TCT结果与病理诊断对照分析.结果 3 859例TCT检查者中,ASC-H40例(1.04%), LSIL48例(1.24%),高度鳞状上皮内病变(high-grade intraepithelial lesion,HSIL)31例(CINⅡ25例,CINⅢ6例,分别占0.65%和0.16%),鳞状细胞癌(squamous cell carcinoma,SCC)2例(0.05%),与病理活检符合率分别为82.5%、70.8%、90.3%和100%.经统计学处理,TCT对HSIL及以上病变的诊断与阴道镜下病理活检符合率显著高于对LSIL的诊断符合率,二者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).细胞学阳性患者年龄分布以31～40岁组为主,占43.2%.结论 TCT技术结合TBS分级标准进行宫颈癌及癌前病变的筛查可靠,特别对HSIL以上病变准确性高.对生育年龄妇女,特别是31～40岁组妇女进行宫颈癌及癌前病变的筛查十分必要.     

HPV L1壳蛋白在宫颈脱落细胞中的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)L1壳蛋白在宫颈不同病变脱落细胞中的表达和临床意义.方法 收集2008年1月至2009年5月到北京大学深圳医院宫颈门诊就诊患者的宫颈脱落细胞标本309例,其中正常或慢性宫颈炎33例、宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)I级168例、CIN Ⅱ/Ⅲ级84例和鳞状细胞癌(SCC)24例,用免疫细胞化学法检测HPV L1壳蛋白在宫颈脱落细胞中的表达.结果 在正常宫颈或慢性宫颈炎、CINI、CINⅡ/Ⅲ和SCC中,HPV L1壳蛋白阳性表达率分别为27.3%(9/33)、66.7%(112/168)、25.0%(21/84)、0%(0/24).其中CINI组、SCC组与正常或慢性宫颈炎组比较,CINI组与CINⅡ/HI组比较,CINI、CINⅡ/Ⅲ组与SCC组比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01),随病变程度的加重,HPV L1壳蛋白阳性表达率呈下降的趋势.分别以30岁和40岁为界分组,不同年龄组间HPV L1壳蛋白的表达差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05).在高危型HPV DNA负荷量≥1 000 RLU/PC组HPV L1壳蛋白表达率为73.1%,与负荷量<1 000 RLU/PC的各组相比,其表达率明显增加(均P<0.05).HPV L1壳蛋白检测CINⅡ/Ⅲ以上病变的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为80.6%、60.2%、52.1%和85.2%.结论 HPV L1壳蛋白在CIN和SCC中的阳性表达率随着病变程度加重呈下降趋势,有望成为预测宫颈癌前病变进展的生物学标志物.     

The accessory olfactory bulb in the adult rat: a cytological study of its cell types, neuropil, neuronal modules, and interactions with the main olfactory system

The accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) in the adult rat is organized into external (ECL) and internal (ICL) cellular layers separated by the lateral olfactory tract (LOT). The most superficial layer, or vomeronasal nerve layer, is composed of two fiber contingents that distribute in rostral and caudal halves. The second layer, or glomerular layer, is also divided by a conspicuous invagination of the neuropil of the ECL at the junction of the rostral and caudal halves. The ECL contains eight cell types distributed in three areas: a subglomerular area containing juxtaglomerular and superficial short-axon neurons, an intermediate area harboring large principal cells (LPC), or mitral and tufted cells, and a deep area containing dwarf, external granule, polygonal, and round projecting cells. The ICL contains two neuron types: internal granule (IGC) and main accessory cells (MACs). The dendrites and axons of LPCs in the two AOB halves are organized symmetrically with respect to an anatomical plane called linea alba. The LPC axon collaterals may recruit adjacent intrinsic, possibly gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic, neurons that, in turn, interact with the dendrites of the adjacent LPCs. These modules may underlie the process of decoding pheromonal clues. The most rostral ICL contains another neuron group termed interstitial neurons of the bulbi (INBs) that includes both intrinsic and projecting neurons. MACs and INBs share inputs from fiber efferents arising in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) and AOB and send axons to IGCs. Because IGCs are a well-known source of modulatory inputs to LPCs, both MACs and INBs represent a site of convergence of the MOB with the AOB.     

Early results of bladder-cancer screening in a high-risk population of heavy smokers

OBJECTIVE

To report first results of an early bladder‐cancer detection programme, and to evaluate the detection rate and the diagnostic value of the tests used.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Urine samples of 183 screened subjects with a history of smoking of ≥40 pack‐years were collected for analysis with a urinary dipstick test for haematuria, the nuclear matrix protein‐22 test (BladderChek®, Matritech, Inc., Newton, MA, USA), voided urine cytology and a molecular cytology test (UroVysion, Abbott Molecular Inc., Des Plaines, IL, USA). Participants with at least one positive test result had a further evaluation including cystoscopy and radiological imaging. The subjects’ risk factors, test results and histological findings were analysed.

RESULTS

In all, 75 subjects had at least one positive test result and were evaluated further; abnormal histological findings were detected in 18 (24% of those who had cystoscopy, 9.8% of the original 183), 15 of those in the urinary bladder, with pTaG1 (one), carcinoma in situ (two), dysplastic lesions (11) and one an inverted papilloma. In the upper urinary tract, two urothelial tumours (pTaG1 and pTxN2G3) and one renal cell carcinoma (pT1G2) were detected by computed tomography. In summary, six of 183 subjects (3.3%) had a histologically confirmed malignant tumour and another 12 (6.6%) were identified with a possible pre‐cancerous lesion of the urinary tract. The urinary dipstick, BladderChek, cytology and UroVysion detected (i.e. were true‐positive in) nine (50%), one (6%), seven (39%) and 11 (61%) of the 18 tumours found, while they failed to detect nine (50%), 17 (94%), 11 (61%) and seven (39%) of these lesions, respectively. Omitting the urine dipstick test, the BladderChek, cytology or UroVysion from the test setting could have spared 40, five, two or one subjects(s) from unnecessary invasive interventions; however, three, none, two or six lesions, would have been missed. More positive screening tests per subject was associated with a higher probability of a (pre)‐malignant lesion.

CONCLUSION

Screening a high‐risk group with a history of smoking of ≥40 pack‐years showed a significant proportion (3.3%) with malignancy. These first results are encouraging and warrant continuation of the screening programme. In this series the most efficient screening tool was the combination of UroVysion, cytology and urinary dipstick testing. Of special scientific interest will be the follow‐up of those patients with a possible pre‐cancerous lesion.     

Surveillance of patients with bladder carcinoma using fluorescent in-situ hybridization on bladder washings

OBJECTIVES

To compare the sensitivity and specificity of the UroVysion^TM (Abbott Laboratories Inc., Downers Grove, IL, USA) fluorescent in‐situ hybridization (FISH) assay to that of urinary cytology obtained from bladder irrigation during cystoscopic surveillance in patients with bladder carcinoma.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The medical records were retrospectively reviewed for 41 consecutive patients screened at the authors’ institution between August 2000 and December 2006 for recurrence of pathologically confirmed bladder cancer. All 162 cytology examinations and 141 FISH assay results obtained from bladder washing were included. Recurrence was determined by cystoscopy, bladder biopsy and upper‐tract imaging. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive values were assessed using a chi‐square distribution with one degree of freedom.

RESULTS

There were 24 men and 17 women (male to female ratio 0.59), the mean (range) age was 56 (33–73) years and the mean follow‐up 30 (2–57) months. At the initial diagnosis, 35 of the 41 patients (85%) had superficial tumours (stage ≤ T1), while six (15%) had muscle‐invasive tumours (stage ≥T2). Twenty‐six (63%) had low‐grade and 15 (37%) had high‐grade tumours. In 16 of 141 (11%) of the FISH assays and 16 of 162 (10%) of the cytological samples that were collected from bladder irrigations, there were too few cells for an adequate analysis. The FISH assay correctly correlated with subsequent cystoscopy, bladder biopsy or upper‐tract imaging in 110/125 (88%) cases but not in 15/125 (12%). Cytology correctly correlated with the subsequent evaluation in 112/146 (77%) cases but did not in 34/146 (23%). When the FISH was compared with cytology in this setting, the sensitivity was 77% (30/39) vs 74% (37/50; P > 0.1), the specificity was 93% (80/86) vs 78% (75/96; P < 0.01), the positive predictive value was 83% (30/36) vs 64% (37/58; P < 0.05), and the negative predictive value was 90% (80/89) vs 85% (75/88; P > 0.1), respectively.

CONCLUSION

The UroVysion FISH assay obtained from bladder washings during cystoscopic surveillance of patients with a history of bladder cancer provides a similar specificity but greater sensitivity than that of cytology for detecting bladder cancer recurrences. Given the better specificity and similar sensitivity of UroVysion compared with urine cytology obtained from bladder washings, a reasonable approach might be to use the UroVysion assay as the primary marker for recurrence, with urine cytology used as a complementary examination.     

The impact of gallbladder aspiration during elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective randomized study

BACKGROUND: The aim of this prospective randomized study was to investigate the effect of gallbladder aspiration during elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy on the operative and postoperative course of patients. METHODS: Between August 2005 and February 2007, 160 consecutive patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis were randomized into 2 clinically comparable groups. Gallbladders were aspirated before dissection in group A (aspiration, n = 80), and they were not aspirated in group C (control, n = 80). Patients' characteristics and general operative outcomes were compared and analyzed. RESULTS: The mean dissection time (P = .45), amount of gas used (P = .49), and liver bed bleeding (P = .30) were not significantly different between group A and group C. Similarly, there were no differences between the groups regarding gallbladder perforation (P = .12), spillage of gallstones into the abdominal cavity (P = 1.00), or wound infection (P = 1.00). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that routine gallbladder aspiration is unnecessary in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Spectrum of head and neck lesions diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration cytology in the pediatric population

Fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the head and neck region is well accepted as a diagnostic procedure in the adult population. FNAC in the pediatric population is gaining acceptance as clinicians add this technique to the diagnostic armamentarium. An experience with FNAC of the head and neck region in the pediatric population is described from 2 large inner‐city hospitals. Eighty‐five cases were retrieved from patients age <18 years. In 52 cases, clinical or surgical follow‐up was obtained and among these cases the specificity and sensitivity of FNA was 93% and 100%, respectively. The high specificity of FNAC allows the clinician to be confident of malignancy in a clinically suspicious lesion of the head and neck in a pediatric patient. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.