Inter-brain synchronization is weakened by the introduction of external punishment

Punishment is a popular institution to enforce social norms in human society. However, how the punishment institution impacts the inter-brain neural signatures of two-person social interactions is still an open question. By performing electroencephalography recording of brain activity in two interacting parties as they simultaneously played both the revised repeated ultimatum game (rrUG) and the revised repeated dictator game (rrDG), this study focused on exploring how the introduction of external punishment influences inter-brain synchronization between the two parties. The data showed a significant negative effect of external punishment on inter-brain synchronization, with greater inter-brain synchronization observed in the rrDG than in the rrUG. We proposed a possible mechanism underlying this result. In the rrDG, the similar moral motivation of both proposers and responders results in inter-brain synchronization between them. However, in the rrUG, the introduction of external punishment crowds out the intrinsic moral motivation of the proposers, thereby undermining the inter-brain synchronization. Moreover, we found a significant positive correlation between the rejection rate from responders for disadvantageous inequal offer and inter-brain synchronization in the rrDG. These findings contribute to understanding the negative effect of punishment institution and shed light on the inter-brain mechanism underlying social interaction.     

Associations between Abnormal Eating Styles and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study among Medical School Students

(1) Background: Few studies have investigated the association between eating styles and IBS. This study aimed to explore the association between abnormal eating styles and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study investigated students in China Medical University and Shenyang Medical College. Eating styles were evaluated by the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), and IBS was diagnosed according to Rome III criteria. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). (3) Results: A total of 335 students were diagnosed with IBS. Students with the total scores in tertile 2 and 3 had 1.29 times and 2.75 times higher risk of IBS than students with the total scores in tertile 1, respectively. Simultaneously, the risk of IBS in the tertile 3 of external eating, emotional eating, and restraint eating trends was 3.87 times, 2.71 times, and 3.82 times higher than that of tertile 1, respectively. (4) Conclusions: this study showed that a high score in both total eating styles and each eating style was associated with the odds of having IBS and suggested that the psychological factors behind eating styles may play a critical role in controlling the IBS.     

骨盆多功能外固定架的研制与临床应用

目的：研制一种骨盆多功能外固定架治疗最不稳定骨盆骨折脱位及髋部骨折脱位。方法：采用三种不同的固定方法,治疗半侧骨盆骨折脱位、耻骨联合骨折分离及髋部骨折脱位。结果：32例随访平均1年,优良率达60％－90％,钉道感染1例,骨圆钉松动1例,无严重并发症。结论：该外固定架操作简便,固定安全牢稳,减轻疼痛,便于搬动,护理方便,早期下床活动,基层医院易推广。     

中药溻渍法研究概述

中药溻渍法以中医整体观念和辨证论治理论为指导,通过辨证组方,有药味少、药量大,功洪力专的特点,且药液直接作用于患处,使腠理开疏,药力直达病所,达到治疗目的,具有操作简便、不良反应小、安全可靠的优点。药液既能荡涤创面又不影响内服药的功效,既防止了药物注射或口服给药对肝、肾的损害,又避免了肝脏的"首过效应",生物利用度高。     

B超指示下产前纠正臀方位

1989年1月～1990年6月选择孕31～34周臀位妊娠,膝胸卧位矫正无效者100例,按Ballas臂位分型在B超引导下矫正胎位,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ型97例矫正成功95例。Ⅲ、Ⅳ型3例全部矫正成功,总成功率98％。1989年1～6月臀位剖宫术分娩率4.048％,7～12月下降至1.167％(P<0.01)。1990年1～6月少数臀位进行纠正,臀位剖宫产率又上升为3.518％,说明B超指示下矫正臀方位可降低剖宫产率。     

正常人血液流变学有关指标的检测与分析

本文报告了对350名正常人进行的血液流变学五项指标检测结果,测出正常平均值及标准差。其中全血粘度、红细胞压积,男、女之间有显著性差异,体外血栓形成的长度、重量,男、女之间和各年龄组之间均有显著性差异。因此,在测定有关指标及采用正常值时,应考滤到仪器的型号,男、女之间,各年龄组之间与各项指标的关系。     

重睑成形术前术后外眼形态的变化

目的：揭示重睑成形术后外眼形态变化的规律。方法：对９２例１８４只眼睛重睑成形术者术前术后眼裂高度和长度,两眼间距,眼球最突点位置,睫毛显露长度和上翘角度测量结果对比分析。结果：重睑成形术后眼裂高度,睫毛显露长度及睫毛上翘角度有显著性增大。结论：重睑成形术能使眼裂变大,睫毛全长暴露及睫毛上翘,从而增加眼睛的美感。     

Kidney Function in Heart Failure

Objective. The purpose of this investigation was to improve a rankit ordinal model for evaluating and validating dichotomized tests in a prospective Nordic project. Material and methods. The model is based on the assumption that the S‐shaped curve of fractions of positive for increasing concentrations can be de‐convoluted to a histogram and thereby used to calculate the parameters for a ln‐Gaussian distribution. In a Nordic survey, four urine samples with known concentrations of hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) and nitrites were distributed to more than 2500 practitioners' offices. Results. The results are presented as parameters (geometric mean and CV) for the components urine‐hCG and urine‐nitrites, together with fractions of positive for clinical critical values (5 and 40?IU/L for hCG), for which fractions should be below 0.01 and above 0.99, respectively, and 7?µmol/L for nitrites. Furthermore, the concentration intervals of varying fractions of positive from 0.01 to 0.99 are estimated as grey zones. The parameters and grey zones for different kits are compared. No urine‐hCG kit fulfilled the low clinical criterion, whereas all fulfilled the high criterion. Seven of the eight nitrites kits had fractions of positive above 0.9 for the company confirmation limit, but varying fractions for the clinically important limit of 7?µmol/L (fractions from 0.06 to 0.83). Conclusions. The present model makes it easy to estimate parameters for the kits, and also to estimate the fractions of measured positives for specified concentrations. It is thus suited for external quality assessment as well as for manufacturers' method validation.     

Location of Cardiac Arrests in the Public Access Defibrillation Trial

Background. The Public Access Defibrillation (PAD) Trial found an overall doubling in the number of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (CA) survivors when a lay responder team was equipped with an automated external defibrillator (AED), compared with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) alone. Objectives. To describe the types of facilities that participated in the trial andto report the incidence of CA andsurvival in these different types of facilities. Methods. In this post-hoc analysis of PAD Trial data, the physical characteristics of the participating facilities andthe numbers of presumed CAs, treatable CAs, andsurvivors are reported for each category of facilities. Results. There were 625 presumed CAs at 1,260 participating facilities. Just under half (n = 291) of the presumed CAs were classified as treatable CAs. Treatable CAs occurred at a rate of 2.9 per 1,000 person-years of exposure; rates were highest in fitness centers (5.1) andgolf courses (4.8) andlowest in office complexes (0.7) andhotels (0.7). Survival from treatable CA was highest in recreational complexes (0.5), public transportation sites (0.4), andfitness centers (0.4) andlowest in office complexes (0.1) andresidential facilities (0.0). Conclusions. During the PAD Trial, the exposure-adjusted rate of treatable CA was highest in fitness centers andgolf courses, but the incidence per facility was low to moderate. Survival from treatable cardiac arrest was highest in recreational complexes, public transportation facilities, andfitness centers.     

骨不连治疗的研究与技术应用进展*

背景：骨不连是骨折晚期常见的临床问题,数十年来,在各种新式内外固定材料、普及的显微外科技术、创新的植骨材料,尤其是分子生物学技术的全面帮助下,骨不连的治疗取得了突破性进展。
　　目的：总结骨不连治疗的研究进展,为以后更好地治疗骨不连提供技术理论和方法选择。
　　方法：由第一作者运用计算机检索系统检索1990年1月至2013年5月发表的有关骨不连原因及治疗方法的文献,以“fracture nonunion,treatment,progress”或“骨不连,治疗方法,进展”为检索词。同一领域则选择近期发表或者发表在权威杂志的文章。
　　结果与结论：排除重复性研究及时间跨度大的文献,从检索结果中共选择了48篇文章进一步分析。骨不连治疗手段主要有两种：非手术方式和手术方式,目前临床上以手术方式为主且高效。骨折愈合是多环节参与的复杂过程,一旦骨不连发生,应具体问题具体分析,根据患者的实际情况采取个体化治疗原则,重视软组织的保护,必要时联合运用多种手术及非手术方法,才能取得满意的疗效。