Comparison of two esmolol bolus doses on the haemodynamic response and seizure duration during electro-convulsive therapy

Twelve ASA physical status I-III patients were enrolled in a double-blind, prospective, randomized, three-way, within-patient crossover study designed to determine the effect of two standard esmolol bolus doses (100 and 200 mg) on the haemodynamic response and seizure duration during electro-convulsive therapy (ECT). Esmolol or placebo was administered one minute prior to induction of anaesthesia and exactly two minutes before ECT. Both the 100 and 200 mg bolus doses significantly blunted the maximum increase in heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) following ECT in comparison with placebo. Compared with placebo, esmolol 100 mg decreased maximum HR by 23 +/- 3%, maximum MAP by 17 +/- 7% and maximum rate-pressure product (RPP) by 40 +/- 9%. Esmolol 200 mg decreased maximum HR by 25 +/- 3%, maximum MAP by 19 +/- 3% and maximum RPP by 42 +/- 5%. No significant difference was found between the two esmolol doses at corresponding measurement points before and after ECT. Treatment with esmolol 200 mg resulted in a significantly shorter mean seizure duration than with placebo. As the 200 mg dose caused a shorter seizure duration and the haemodynamic effects of 100 mg and 200 mg doses were similar, it was concluded that the 100 mg esmolol bolus dose was the better dose for ECT.     

艾司洛尔对静脉麻醉诱导和七氟烷吸入麻醉诱导血流动力学和脑电双频指数的影响

目的:研究艾司洛尔对舒芬太尼丙泊酚靶控麻醉诱导或七氟烷吸入麻醉诱导和切皮时的血流动力学和脑电双频指数(Bispectral index,BIS)影响.方法:选择ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ级患者86例,随机分为2组:静脉靶控麻醉组(V组,46例)和七氟烷吸入麻醉诱导组(S组,40例).2组又各分为2个亚组,对照组(C组)和艾司洛尔组(E组).V组用丙泊酚和舒芬太尼血浆靶控输注麻醉诱导,用靶控泵给与舒芬太尼(血浆靶控Cp为0.2 ng·mL-1),丙泊酚(血浆靶控Cp为3.0 μg·mL-1).S组用面罩七氟烷吸入诱导,经面罩吸入6%七氟烷加氧气1 L·min-1和笑气3 L·min-1,待患者意识消失后给予小剂量肌松药物罗库溴铵0.6 mg·kg-1,最小肺泡有效浓度(MAC)>1.3以上后行气管插管.E组给艾司洛尔,单次1 mg·kg-1,然后以100μg·kg-1·rainll持续静注.记录入室时,给与舒芬太尼和丙泊酚达到Cp浓度时(V组)或吸入七氟烷达到1.3MAC时(S组),插管前,插管后1,3,5 min和切皮前,切皮后3 min的收缩压,心率,血氧饱和度和BIS值.结果:诱导前各组间SBP,HR,SpO2和BIS没有差异.VC,SC组插管后1,3 min SBP,HR,BIS较插管前显著升高(P<0.01).VE,SE组在插管后各时段SBP,HR,BIS较插管前有上升趋势,但无显著性差异,和VC,SC组相比明显降低,有显著性差异(P<0.01).VC组切皮后SBP,HR,BIS较切皮前显著升高(P<0.01).SC组切皮后SBP,HR,BIS较切皮前无显著性差异.VE,SE组切皮后SBP,HR,BIS较切皮变化不明显,和VC,SC组相比,无显著性差异.SC组和sE组在七氟烷MAC达到1.3时,SBP,HR,BIS较诱导前显著降低(P<0.05).SE组各时段SBP,HR,BIS较VE组降低明显,有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论:艾司洛尔可有效抑制舒芬太尼丙泊酚靶控麻醉诱导和七氟烷吸入麻醉诱导和切皮时的血流动力学变化和BIS的增加.     

不同剂量艾司洛尔对气管拔管时心血管反应的预防作用

目的 :观察不同剂量艾司洛尔对气管拔管时心血管反应的预防作用。方法 :将 1 75例择期手术病人随机分为A(对照组 ) ,B(0 .5mg/kg组 ) ,C(1 .0mg/kg组 ) ,D(1 .5mg/kg组 )和E(2 .0mg/kg组 )五组 ,拔管前分别静注生理盐水 1 0ml,艾司洛尔 0 .5mg/kg ,1 .0mg/kg ,1 .5mg/kg ,2 .0mg/kg。记录病人给药前、拔管时、拔管后 1 ,3,5 ,1 0min时收缩压 (SBP)、舒张压 (DBP)、心率 (HR) ,并算出相应的脉率收缩压乘积 (RPP)。结果 :A组拔管时SBP ,DBP ,HR ,RPP及拔管后 1minDBP ,HR ,RPP显著高于给药前 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;B组拔管时DBP ,HR ,RPP显著高于给药前(P <0 .0 1 ) ,拔管时及拔管后 1minSBP ,HR ,RPP显著低于A组 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;C ,D ,E三组拔管时SBP ,DBP ,HR ,RPP显著低于A ,B两组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,拔管后 1minSBP ,HR ,RPP显著低于A组 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;拔管后 3minC ,D两组SBP ,D ,E两组HR ,C ,D ,E三组RPP显著低于A组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;D组拔管后 3～ 1 0minHR ,RPP ,E组拔管时及拔管后 1～ 1 0minHR ,RPP显著低于给药前 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但E组有 3例用药后发生心动过缓。结论 :静注艾司洛尔 1 .5mg/kg对气管拔管时的心血管反应预防效果较好且无副作用发生     

Comparison of the effects of intravenous alfentanil and esmolol on the cardiovascular response to double-lumen endobronchial intubation

We compared the effect of alfentanil 10 microg.kg-1 and esmolol 1.5 mg.kg-1 on the cardiovascular responses to laryngoscopy and double-lumen endobronchial intubation in two groups of 20 ASA 2-3 patients undergoing pulmonary surgery, in a randomised double-blind study. Arterial pressure and heart rate decreased after induction of anaesthesia and increased after intubation in both groups (p < 0.05) but remained at or below baseline values, and changes were comparable in both groups. Plasma catecholamine concentrations decreased after induction of anaesthesia in both groups (p < 0.05). Epinephrine concentrations increased in the esmolol group after intubation (p < 0.05) but remained below baseline in the alfentanil group (p < 0.05). Norepinephrine concentrations increased significantly in both groups after intubation but were higher in the esmolol group (p < 0.05). Although both esmolol 1.5 mg.kg-1 and alfentanil 10 microg.kg-1 similarly attenuated the arterial pressure and heart rate response to endobronchial intubation, plasma catecholamine concentrations increased in the esmolol group to values greater than previously reported after tracheal intubation.     

小剂量艾司洛尔预防颈丛阻滞后心血管副反应的临床评价

目的: 评价小剂量艾司洛尔预防颈丛阻滞后心血管副反应的临床效果。方法: 选择甲状腺手术40例,随机分观察组20例,对照组20例,均行"一针法"颈丛阻滞,监测收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)和血氧饱和度(SPO₂),记录麻醉前、麻醉后3 min、5 min、10 min的上述指标变化。观察组在麻醉后立即静脉注射(静注)小剂量艾司洛尔(0.5 mg/kg)。结果: 两组术前各指标差异无显著性(P>0.05),对照组麻醉前后的SBP、DBP、HR差异均有显著性(P<0.01);观察组中虽有不同程度的升高,但相对平稳,尤其HR、SBP组内比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05);两组麻醉后,HR和SBP 5 min和10 min各指标差异均有显著性(P<0.001)。结论: 小剂量艾司洛尔单次静注能有效预防颈丛阻滞后的心血管副反应。     

艾司洛尔静脉全麻在减轻腹腔镜手术围术期应激反应中的效果观察

目的探讨艾司洛尔静脉全麻在减轻腹腔镜手术患者围术期应激反应中的效果。方法将120例患者随机分为实验组和对照组,每组60例。实验组给予静脉全麻＋艾司洛尔,对照组给予静脉全麻＋生理盐水。比较2组的血流动力学波动情况以及神经内分泌指标的变化情况。结果实验组气管插管时、气腹10min、术毕时的心率和血压均明显低于对照组（P〈0.05）;实验组气管插管时、气腹10min、术毕时的肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和皮质醇水平均明显低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论艾司洛尔能减轻围术期机体应激反应,降低发生心脑血管意外的风险。     

Symptomatic and hemodynamic recovery following dobutamine stress echo: benefit of low-dose esmolol administration

Objectives: We studied the use of esmolol in patients experiencing minor side effects of palpitations, anxiety, nervousness, and tremors associated with dobutamine stress echocardiography. Background: Dobutamine stress echocardiography is frequently used in the assessment of coronary artery disease. Esmolol administration may enhance patient comfort. Methods: Sixty consecutive patients who experienced minor side-effects during dobutamine stress echocardiography were given 0.3 mg/kg esmolol intravenously in the recovery period and compared retrospectively to sixty consecutive controls who underwent dobutamine stress echocardiography, who did not receive esmolol, during the same time period. Both groups were matched for age, ejection fraction, and peak dose of dobutamine. Heart rate and blood pressure were assessed during and after dobutamine administration.Results: Both groups had similar baseline blood pressure (mmHg) (142 ± 19/72 ± 14 vs 139 ± 20/72 ± 14) and heart rate (beats per minute) (75 ± 14 vs 75 ± 17) (esmolol and control respectively, p=ns), but peak heart rate was higher in the esmolol group (126 ± 14 vs. 116 ± 14, p<0.01). In the group who received esmolol, symptomatic relief paralleled the statistically significant decrease in heart rate which occurred within 1 minute of esmolol administration (99.7 ± 15.3 vs 108.5 ± 13.1 p<0.0001); the heart rate in the esmolol group remained significantly lower than the control group for 5 minutes following esmolol administration (92.0 ± 10.3 vs 96.7 ± 11.8 p<0.05). As a percentage of peak heart rate the esmolol group remained significantly lower than the control for 7 minutes (74% vs 80% p<0.05). Esmolol induced a significant reversal of dobutamine-induced diastolic hypotension (diastolic blood pressure at peak 66 ± 17 vs 8 min recovery 70 ± 12, p<0.03) that was not seen in controls (diastolic blood pressure at peak 64 ± 18 vs 8 min recovery 65 ± 14, p=ns). Systolic blood pressure and heart rate remained elevated in both groups 8 min into recovery compared to baseline, suggesting persistent dobutamine effect beyond the expected 2 min pharmacologic half-life of dobutamine. No side-effects from esmolol were seen despite it being used in 9 patients with EF $lt; 35%. Conclusions: Esmolol is effective and well tolerated for the management of dobutamine-related minor side-effects. The mechanism of benefit, in addition to heart rate reduction, may involve a reversal of dobutamine- induced diastolic hypotension. Blood pressure and heart rate recovery are slower than expected from previously published pharmacokinetic data.     

Can esmolol manage surgically-induced tachycardia?

A double-blind, randomised study was conducted to examine the efficacy of a single bolus dose of esmolol in treating surgically-induced tachycardia. Anaesthetic technique was identical in all patients, and consisted of premedication with midazolam and glycopyrronium, induction with thiopentone followed by suxamethonium, tracheal intubation, and maintenance with isoflurane 0.6% (end-tidal) and 60% nitrous oxide in oxygen. Forty-eight patients developed a heart rate of greater than 95 beats/minute or 20% more than pre-induction values at an average time of 34 minutes after tracheal intubation and received placebo (15 patients), esmolol 50 mg (16 patients), or esmolol 100 mg (17 patients). Controlled intervention was instituted if heart rate or blood pressure was not adequate. Both 50 and 100 mg of esmolol resulted in lower heart rates compared to placebo (p less than 0.05), with no difference between the two esmolol groups (p greater than 0.05). Patients who received placebo had more episodes of medical intervention than those given esmolol (p less than 0.05). No adverse effects occurred in any patient.     

艾司洛尔和芬太尼对高血压患者气管插管循环反应影响的研究

目的 :比较艾司洛尔和芬太尼对高血压患者气管插管时循环和儿茶酚胺反应的影响。方法 :将 6 0例美国麻醉医师协会 (ASA)分级标准 ～ 级且行气管插管全麻手术的高血压患者随机分为 4组 ,分别于插管前静脉注射生理盐水 (A组 )、 2 m g/ kg艾司洛尔 (B组 )、2 μg/ kg芬太尼 (C组 )和 2 mg/ kg艾司洛尔 +2 μg/ kg芬太尼 (D组 )。静脉给咪唑安定、阿曲库胺和异丙酚诱导插管。测定插管前后收缩压 (SAP)、舒张压 (DAP)、心率 (HR)、心率收缩压乘积 (RPP)及血浆去甲肾上腺素 (NA)和肾上腺素 (A)浓度。结果 :气管插管后 1min和3min,A组患者 SAP、DAP、HR、RPP、NA和 A均非常显著高于基础水平 (P<0 .0 5或 P <0 .0 1) ,B组患者NA和 C组患者 SAP插管后均明显升高 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ,D组患者气管插管后 SAP、DAP、HR和 NA、A水平与基础值比较无明显差异 (P均 >0 .0 5 )。结论 :高血压患者气管插管有明显循环和应激反应 ,2 mg/ kg艾司洛尔或 2 μg/ kg芬太尼预处理仅能部分减少插管反应 ,联合应用 2 mg/ kg艾司洛尔和 2 μg/ kg芬太尼能完全抑制高血压患者插管时的循环和儿茶酚胺反应。     

静脉注射艾司洛尔和毛花苷丙控制快速心房颤动心室率的疗效和安全性比较

目的 :观察静脉注射国产艾司洛尔控制快速心房颤动心室率的疗效和安全性。方法 :选择快速心房颤动患者 86例 ,随机分为艾司洛尔组 ( 组 ) 43例、毛花苷丙 (西地兰 )组 ( 组 ) 43例。 组应用国产艾司洛尔采用分级递增静脉注射法 , 组用毛花苷丙 0 .0 0 8mg/kg稀释后 5 min静注 ,1 h无效者重复 1次。观察两组病人用药前后心率、血压、呼吸及临床表现的变化。结果 :1两组有效率分别为 88.4%和 74.4% ( P>0 .0 5 ) ;2心率平均下降为 组 ( 4 3± 1 6)次 /min, 组 ( 2 1± 1 4)次 /min均 P<0 .0 5 ,两组间比较 P>0 .0 5 ;3血压平均下降为 组 ( 8.8± 1 .3) /( 4 .2± 1 .2 ) mm Hg( P<0 .0 5 ) , 组 ( 1 .1± 0 .3) /( 0 .9± 0 .4) mm Hg( P>0 .0 5 ) ,两组间比较 P<0 .0 5 ;4起效时间与最大效应时间 , 组明显快于 组 ;5 组低血压、胸闷各 1例(占 4.6% ) , 组心悸 1例。结论 :国产艾司洛尔临床应用安全、快速、有效