Vaccines against gastroenteritis,current progress and challenges

ABSTRACT

Enteric viral and bacterial infections continue to be a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in young children in low-income and middle-income countries, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Vaccines are considered an effective and practical preventive approach against the predominantly fecal-to-oral transmitted gastroenteritis particularly in the resource-limited countries or regions where implementation of sanitation systems and supply of safe drinking water are not quickly achievable. While vaccines are available for a few enteric pathogens including rotavirus and cholera, there are no vaccines licensed for many other enteric viral and bacterial pathogens. Challenges in enteric vaccine development include immunological heterogeneity among pathogen strains or isolates, a lack of animal challenge models to evaluate vaccine candidacy, undefined host immune correlates to protection, and a low protective efficacy among young children in endemic regions. In this article, we briefly updated the progress and challenges in vaccines and vaccine development for the leading enteric viral and bacterial pathogens including rotavirus, human calicivirus, Shigella, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), cholera, nontyphoidal Salmonella, and Campylobacter, and introduced a novel epitope- and structure-based vaccinology platform known as MEFA (multiepitope fusion antigen) and the application of MEFA for developing broadly protective multivalent vaccines against heterogenous pathogens.     

Bacterial Biofilm Formation Using PCL/Curcumin Electrospun Fibers and Its Potential Use for Biotechnological Applications

Electrospun nanofibers are used for many applications due to their large surface area, mechanical properties, and bioactivity. Bacterial biofilms are the cause of numerous problems in biomedical devices and in the food industry. On the other hand, these bacterial biofilms can produce interesting metabolites. Hence, the objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of poly (Ɛ- caprolactone)/Curcumin (PCL/CUR) nanofibers to promote bacterial biofilm formation. These scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed homogeneous fibers with diameters between 441–557 nm; thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA and DSC) demonstrated high temperature resilience with degradation temperatures over >350 °C; FTIR and ¹H-NMR serve as evidence of CUR incorporation in the PCL fibers. PCL/CUR scaffolds successfully promoted the formation of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. These results will be valuable in the study of controlled harvesting of pathogenic biofilms as well as in metabolites production for biotechnological purposes.     

Structural characterization of mRNA-tRNA translocation intermediates

Cryo-EM analysis of a wild-type Escherichia coli pretranslocational sample has revealed the presence of previously unseen intermediate substates of the bacterial ribosome during the first phase of translocation, characterized by intermediate intersubunit rotations, L1 stalk positions, and tRNA configurations. Furthermore, we describe the domain rearrangements in quantitative terms, which has allowed us to characterize the processivity and coordination of the conformational reorganization of the ribosome, along with the associated changes in tRNA ribosome-binding configuration. The results are consistent with the view of the ribosome as a molecular machine employing Brownian motion to reach a functionally productive state via a series of substates with incremental changes in conformation.     

FimH重组蛋白的原核表达及纯化

目的：在大肠杆菌中构建并表达3种FimH重组蛋白,并对FimH重组蛋白的培养条件进行优化,制备高纯度FimH重组蛋白。方法：采用原核表达载体pET28a构建出能表达FimH的重组质粒,并分别对诱导温度、IPTG浓度、诱导时间等条件进行优化,以提高重组蛋白的产量和增大其可溶性,最后以亲和层析分离纯化3种FimH重组蛋白。结果：成功构建出表达大肠杆菌（K12,BL21）和沙门氏菌（S．T．）FimH的原核表达载体pET28a—K12／BL21／S．T．,经酶切、测序和WesternBlot鉴定,目的蛋白表达正确。在适当浓度的IPTG诱导,15℃震荡培养20h,可使FimH的表达量达到最大,分离纯化的蛋白在SDS—PAGE中显示为一条带。结论：本研究构建以3种FimH为表面呈现系统的表达载体,3种FimH基因和预测蛋白结构略有差异。本研究为后续研究3种蛋白生物活性差异及其靶向M细胞的免疫佐剂活性提供物质基础。     

红色荧光蛋白变种mCherry的表达、纯化和应用探讨

目的 应用pET表达系统原核表达红色荧光蛋白变种mCherry,分析重组mCherry表达与荧光变化的关系,为其纯化及作为原核报告系统应用提供依据.方法 根据GenBank中收录的mCherry氨基酸序列合成其编码基因,构建pET-mCherry表达质粒,转化入大肠埃希菌BL21 (DE3)表达宿主.在不同诱导时间点,考察菌株荧光强度、mCherry表达量、培养上清液mCherry泄漏情况.诱导10h后提取重组mCherry,利用荧光强度估算提取收率,并通过凝胶电泳分析提取液的蛋白纯度.结果 成功构建pET-mCherry表达载体,并在BL21(DE3)中得到高效诱导表达.荧光检出滞后于mCherry的表达,随诱导时间延长重组mCherry不断泄漏至培养液中.初步提取的重组mCherry纯度达到95％以上.结论 应用pET表达系统可高效表达mCherry,过表达mCherry可泄漏至胞外,方便其纯化.mCherry作为原核报告系统应用时,合理的诱导时间可能是关键影响因素.     

MOLECULAR CLONING OF hTRT CATALYTIC DOMAIN FROM HeLa CELLS AND ITS EXPRESSION IN E. Coli AND PURIFICATION

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串联杂种泛素结合结构域蛋白（ThUBD）在大肠杆菌中的可溶性高效表达

目的：提高人工串联杂种泛素结合结构域蛋白（ tandem hybrid UBD, ThUBD）在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达量,为泛素化蛋白研究提供高效特异的富集方法。方法根据大肠杆菌同义密码子相对频率（ RFSC）表对大肠杆菌的密码子进行分类,计算ThUBD密码子的相对适应度,并根据分析结果对ThUBD的密码子进行优化;诱导表达和蛋白定量检测密码子的优化结果;亲和纯化及泛素化蛋白富集研究检测密码子优化后的ThUBD－S的UbC结合能力。结果根据分析结果优化ThUBD密码子,使得适于大肠杆菌基因表达的密码子从48％增加到75％,并消除了阻碍转录翻译的密码子,其密码子适应指数（CAI）从0．63升高到0．88。密码子优化后的ThUBD其可溶性蛋白ThUBD－S的表达量增加了4倍,达到总蛋白的13．06％。同时,优化后的ThUBD－S可能具有更高的UbC的结合能力。结论 ThUBD的基因序列经过优化后,其在大肠杆菌中的表达量升高4倍左右。同时,序列优化不影响融合蛋白ThUBD在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达和结合UbC的能力。     

慢性膀胱炎相关膀胱过度活动症大鼠模型的建立

目的 建立一种发病机制、尿流动力学表现与临床相近的慢性膀胱炎相关膀胱过度活动症(OAB)大鼠模型.方法 将40只雌性SD大鼠随机分为模型组和生理盐水对照组;模型组以大肠埃希氏菌膀胱灌注,3d后搜集尿液常规显微镜检查,证实膀胱炎并以庆大霉素灌胃每日4次,连续7d,第10日复查尿常规,每隔10d为1个周期,经4个周期后行尿流动力学检查及膀胱HE染色病理学检查.生理盐水对照组用等量生理盐水代替大肠埃希氏菌溶液,其余处理同模型组.2组同条件饲养.结果 模型组膀胱标本可见少量上皮组织退变、凋亡、脱落,黏膜固有层见散在的淋巴细胞,行尿流动力学检查确认13只建模成功.结论 通过大肠埃希氏菌ATCC35218反复膀胱灌注诱导SD大鼠慢性膀胱炎,最终可建立慢性膀胱炎相关OAB大鼠模型,为临床上常见的膀胱炎后OAB的发病机制及治疗、研究提供思路.     

hns基因对大肠埃希菌生物膜形成能力的影响

目的 建立大肠埃希菌Red重组系统无痕敲除方法,探讨hns基因对大肠埃希菌生物膜形成能力的影响.方法 以大肠埃希菌MG1655为研究对象,将pKD46质粒转化入MG1655感受态细胞.以质粒pKD3为模板扩增氯霉素抗性基因片段,并将其转化入MG1655/pKD46,氯霉素抗性平板筛选阳性克隆.利用pCP20质粒删除氯霉素抗性基因,构建MG1655 hns基因缺失菌株.96孔板结晶紫染色法分析MG1655 hns基因缺失株生物膜形成能力的变化.苯酚-硫酸法检测细菌胞外多糖含量.结果 氯霉素抗性基因消除后的hns基因缺失株PCR产物长度为434 bp,测序鉴定正确,成功构建MG1655 △hns基因缺失株.MG1655△hns菌株生物膜形成能力和胞外多糖产生显著低于MG1655(P＜0.01).结论 利用Red重组技术成功构建出MG1655△hns菌株,hns基因对细菌生物膜的形成具有重要的调控作用.