职业驾驶员心理应激及其相关变量分析

目的 :了解职业驾驶员心理应激状况及相关因素 ,为减少事故的发生提供资料。方法 :采用LES、应对、成人内外控制、SSRS、EPQ、SCL -90等量表对 2 40名职业驾驶员进行测试。结果 :①驾驶员的主要应激源是工作学习问题、家庭有关问题 ;应对方式上 ,更趋向于积极应对 ;社会支持上 ,主观支持分明显高于客观支持分 ;在心理控制感上 ,明显趋于外控 ;EPQ得分与普通人群相比 ,E分较高 ,N分较低 ;SCL -90各因子分均值与全国常模相比 ,除躯体化、强迫、焦虑等项因子均值较高外 ,其他无显著差异。②事故组与安全组驾驶员在生活事件、相关变量、应激反应上 ,均存在显著差异。③行车事故与应激性生活事件呈正相关 (P <0 0 1)、与EPQ -N ,SCL -90诸因子呈负相关 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :生活事件引起的情绪应激 ,与驾驶操作、交通违章和事故发生有一定相关关系。     

ADμC812与MAX6955之间的I2C总线通信实现

文章概括介绍了循环式混合气辅助呼吸装置中央微处理器ADμC812与LED显示控制器件MAX6955之间I2C总线通信的硬件电路、串行接口的数据传输时序、控制串行接口的特殊功能寄存器等设计,并给出了基于汇编语言的相关软件模块.测试结果表明:系统的硬件、软件设计很好地实现了信号的可靠、稳定传输.     

基于PCI总线数据采集卡的实时测控技术

我们从软件技术的角度,论述了在Windows XP环境下基于PCI总线数据采集卡实现实时测控所需要的关键技术、软件体系结构和开发方法.遵循本文所讨论的技术路线,开发了DFQ系列多方位牵引床的测控软件,提高了被控系统的控制精度和可靠性,增强了系统的可用性.     

上海市南方停车场长途卡车司机艾滋病自愿咨询检测意愿调查分析

目的了解长途卡车司机性病艾滋病相关知识、态度、行为状况及自愿咨询检测意愿等信息。方法，选取上海市最大的长途货运停车场——南方停车场为调查地点，采用匿名问卷调查281名长卡司机，其中22人自愿接受艾滋病抗体检测。结果281名长途货运卡车司机（以下均简称为“长卡司机”）均为男性，16～49岁占96．4％，初中占68．3％，85．1％为已婚。被调查的长卡司机对于艾滋病传播途径、非传播途径、预防方法及安全套的正确使用等知识掌握较好。77．2％的人认为使用安全套可以预防HIV感染，79．4％的人认为减少性伴可以预防HIV感染，26．7％回答最近1年里发生过商业性性行为，最近1年每人平均找过6．2个暗娼。仅有2．5％的调查对象认为自己有可能感染HIV，53．0％的人听说过免费的艾滋病咨询检测（VCT）；听说过免费VCT服务的人中，51．0％的人知道疾病预防控制中心提供免费VCT服务，19．9％表示不会去做免费的艾滋病咨询检测。本次自愿检测者未发现HIV阳性。结论长卡司机大部分属于性活跃人群，易发生无保护性行为，需要提供有效干预，降低无保护商业性行为的发生，提高VCT的可及性及接受度，从而达到控制艾滋病流行的目的。     

Physical workload, ergonomic problems, and incidence of low back injury: a 7.5-year prospective study of San Francisco transit operators

BACKGROUND: The etiologic role of biomechanical factors for low back injury (LBI) needs to be confirmed in prospective studies that control for psychosocial factors. METHODS: Complete baseline information on 1,233 vehicle operators was gathered during medical examinations and by questionnaire. First LBI during 7.5 years of follow-up was ascertained from insurance records. Hazard ratios and etiologic fractions were analyzed with Cox regression models stratified by injury severity and controlling for age, sex, height, weight, ethnicity, and biomechanical and psychosocial job factors. Severe LBI was defined as medically diagnosed postlaminectomy syndrome, spinal stenosis, herniated lumbar disc, sciatica, or spinal instability. RESULTS: An exponential dose-response relationship was found between weekly driving hours and incidence of first LBI. Indicators of physical workload were more strongly associated with more severe low back injuries compared to less severe injuries. Rates of severe LBI increased 39% for every 10-hr increase in weekly driving (hazard ratio 1.39, 95% confidence interval 1.15-1.68). Higher risks of severe LBI were also found among operators performing heavy physical labor on cable cars (hazard ratio 2.76, 95% confidence intervals 1.24-6.14) or reporting more ergonomic problems at baseline (HR for upper quartile 1.65 (95% confidence interval 1.08-2.50). Estimates of etiologic fractions suggest that reduction of ergonomic problems to the low level currently experienced by 25% of drivers would result in a 19% reduction of severe LBI among all drivers. A change from full- (more than 30 hr) to part-time driving (20-30 hr) could reduce the number of severe LBI by 59%, although this gain would be reduced to 28% at the company level if injuries expected among additional employees, hired to maintain full service are included. CONCLUSIONS: Duration of professional driving and ergonomic problems are independent and preventable risk factors for LBI even after adjustment for psychosocial factors.     

Evaluation of top-down implementation of health regulations in the transport sector in a 5-year period

Objective A collective labour agreement concerning extended rest periods during long-distance shuttle bus trips of Dutch long-distance coach drivers was established in 1997. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which top-down implementation of these health regulations, with respect to rest times and subjective health complaints in the private passenger-transport sector, succeeded in the year 2002.Methods A questionnaire study was carried out on 440 coach drivers and 97 of their employers. The questionnaire for coach drivers focused on the frequency they received the required rest times and on their health status. The questionnaire for employers focused on the number of rest hours that their companies scheduled for long-distance shuttle bus trips for their drivers. Motives for not scheduling the required rest hours were noted as well.Results Almost every employer (93%) and three-quarters of the drivers (72%) reported at least 12 h rest time before a long-distance shuttle bus trip, as required. Approximately half of the employers (57%) reported planning the required rest during and after these bus trips. Fewer than one-quarter of the drivers (24%) received at least 10 h rest at their destination and fewer than half of the coach drivers (42%) always receive the required 24 h rest after the trip. In addition, the significant results are indicative of a positive relationship between the duration of the rest period during and after the long-distance shuttle bus trip and the level of health complaints of the coach drivers.Conclusions Top-down implementation of health regulations with respect to rest times resulted in successful implementation after 5 years in approximately half of the companies. Longer rest times during the high season of 2002 were associated with less health complaints at the end of that season.     

出租车驾驶员消化性溃疡51例临床分析

目的 探索出租车驾驶员消化性溃疡的主要致病因素,为其防治提供依据.方法 对98名出租车驾驶员进行电子胃镜检查,根据检查结果分为溃疡组及正常组.然后根据调查问卷对各影响因素进行logistic回归分析.结果 出租车驾驶员消化性溃疡的患病率为52.0％,经logistic回归分析结果显示,就餐是否准时、口味偏辣、饭菜冷热、吸烟、饮酒、精神紧张、幽门螺杆菌(HP)感染及胃病保健知识等因素具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),可能是出租车驾驶员消化性溃疡发病的危险因素.结论 在重视根除HP感染的基础上同样重视饮食结构及生活习惯的调整、精神紧张的调节,将有助于出租车驾驶员消化性溃疡的防治.     

Estimating driver risk using alcohol biomarkers,interlock blood alcohol concentration tests and psychometric assessments: initial descriptives

Aim To identify alcohol biomarker and psychometric measures that relate to drivers' blood alcohol concentration (BAC) patterns from ignition interlock devices (IIDs). Design, setting, participants, measurements In Alberta, Canada, 534 drivers, convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI), installed IIDs and agreed to participate in a research study. IID BAC tests are an established proxy for predicting future DUI convictions. Three risk groups were defined by rates of failed BAC tests. Program entry and follow‐up blood samples (n = 302, 171) were used to measure phosphatidyl ethanol (PETH), carbohydrate deficient transferrin (%CDT), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) and other biomarkers. Program entry urine (n = 130) was analyzed for ethyl glucuronide (ETG) and ethyl sulphate (ETS). Entry hair samples were tested for fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) (n = 92) and ETG (n = 146). Psychometric measures included the DSM‐4 Diagnostic Interview Schedule Alcohol Module, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), the time‐line follow‐back (TLFB), the Drinker Inventory of Consequences (DRINC) and the Temptation and Restraint Inventory (TRI). Findings Except for FAEE, all alcohol biomarkers were related significantly to the interlock BAC test profiles; higher marker levels predicted higher rates of interlock BAC test failures. PETH, the strongest with an overall analysis of variance F ratio of 35.5, had significant correlations with all nine of the other alcohol biomarkers and with 16 of 19 psychometric variables. Urine ETG and ETS were correlated strongly with the IID BAC tests. Conclusions The findings suggest that several alcohol biomarkers and assessments could play an important role in the prediction and control of driver alcohol risk when re‐licensing.     

Effects of lormetazepam and other benzodiazepine receptor ligands on car driving-related skills

Adequate car driving ability is essential for accident avoidance. Driving ability means the capability of the driver to keep a technically safe vehicle on a safe road without accident and free of danger to himself and to other traffic participants. Driving ability is influenced by the overall state of motivation, experience and fatigue of the driver, and is dependent on higher cognitive functions, perception, response selection and sensorimotor functioning. The large number of traffic accidents attributed to so-called ‘driver failure’ include a high percentage of accidents in which the driver had taken drugs within the last 24-hour period before the accident occurred. Results are presented from various studies showing different effects on driving performance and reaction time following nighttime application of long-acting and short-acting hypnotics. Furthermore, alcohol was used as an agent interfering with the test drugs. Different benzodiazepines were tested in two different situations characterized by high and low loads of motor coordination and vigilance level. In both experimental approaches it was revealed that in comparison to other hypnotics lormetazepam belongs to the group which do not exert hangover effects on drivingrelated skills. Even if lormetazepam were taken together with alcohol in the evening no driving-related decrements were discovered the next morning. In conclusion it could be stated that lormetazepam belongs to the class of safe hypnotics inducing driving impairment far less than that produced by 0·8 BAC mg/ml, which is the upper legal limit for driving in Germany.     

机车乘务员视觉功能测定

目的　了解机车乘务员视觉功能状况及其影响因素。方法　采用中心视力 (远视力和近视力 )、夜间视力、快速暗适应时间、视野和色觉等指标对 3 0 6名现职机车乘务员和 15 5名对照人员进行测定和比较。结果　观察组的中心视力明显高于对照组 (P<0 0 5 ) ;夜间视力和快速暗适应的异常率明显低于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;视野和色觉与对照组比较无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。观察组按工龄分组后发现 ,中心视力、夜间视力和快速暗适应时间随着工龄的增长而衰退 ,且在 2 0年以上有一个较明显的衰退 (P <0 0 1)。多元回归分析提示 ,与视觉功能的相关程度 ,依次为年龄、工龄 ,且均呈负相关。结论　工龄 (年龄 )是视觉功能的主要影响因素 ,但对视野和色觉影响不大。