Quantitative analysis by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and retinal neuroprotection after topical administration of moxonidine

AIM: To determine moxonidine in aqueous humor and iris-ciliary body by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and to evaluate the retinal neuroprotective effect after topical administration with moxonidine in a high intraocular pressure (IOP) model. METHODS: The eyes of albino rabbits were administered topically and ipsilaterally with 0.2% moxonidine. A RP-HPLC method was employed for the identification and quantification of moxonidine between 2 and 480min, which presented in the aqueous humor and iris-ciliary body. Flash electroretinography (F-ERG) amplitude and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level were measured between day 1 and day 15 after topical administration with moxonidine in a rabbit model of high IOP. Histological and ultrastructural observation underwent to analyze the changes of retinal morphology, the inner retinal layers (IRL) thickness, and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) counting. RESULTS: Moxonidine was detectable between 2 and 480min after administration, and the peak concentration developed both in the two tissues at 30min, 0.51 μg/mL in aqueous humor and 1.03 μg/g in iris-ciliary body. In comparison to control, F-ERG b-wave amplitude in moxonidine eyes were significantly differences between day 3 and day 15 (P<0.01) in the high IOP model; SOD levels were significantly higher at all time-points (P<0.01) with a maximum level of 20.29 U/mgprot at day 15; and RGCs were significantly higher (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Moxonidine is a viable neuroprotective agent with application to high IOP model. All layers of retina, including RGC layer, retinal nerve fiber layer and INL, are more preserved after moxonidine administration. SOD plays a neuroprotective role in ocular hypertension-mediated RGC death.     

阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗儿童精神分裂症对照研究

目的：探讨阿立哌唑治疗儿童精神分裂症的疗效和安全性及依从性。方法：70例儿童精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,分别予以阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗8周。采用简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）治疗中出现的副反应量表（TESS）在治疗前及第2、4、8周未分别评定疗效与不良反应,于32周后问诊及电话随访调查。结果：8周后阿立哌唑组有效率85.7%,利培酮组有效率82.8%,32周后利培酮组脱落率明显高于阿立哌唑组。结论：阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗儿童精神分裂症疗效相仿,而阿立哌唑组依从性好于利培酮组。     

Exposure to power frequency electric fields and the risk of childhood cancer in the UK

The United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study, a population-based case-control study covering the whole of Great Britain, incorporated a pilot study measuring electric fields. Measurements were made in the homes of 473 children who were diagnosed with a malignant neoplasm between 1992 and 1996 and who were aged 0-14 at diagnosis, together with 453 controls matched on age, sex and geographical location. Exposure assessments comprised resultant spot measurements in the child's bedroom and the family living-room. Temporal stability of bedroom fields was investigated through continuous logging of the 48-h vertical component at the child's bedside supported by repeat spot measurements. The principal exposure metric used was the mean of the pillow and bed centre measurements. For the 273 cases and 276 controls with fully validated measures, comparing those with a measured electric field exposure >/=20 V m(-1) to those in a reference category of exposure <10 V m(-1), odds ratios of 1.31 (95% confidence interval 0.68-2.54) for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, 1.32 (95% confidence interval 0.73-2.39) for total leukaemia, 2.12 (95% confidence interval 0.78-5.78) for central nervous system cancers and 1.26 (95% confidence interval 0.77-2.07) for all malignancies were obtained. When considering the 426 cases and 419 controls with no invalid measures, the corresponding odds ratios were 0.86 (95% confidence interval 0.49-1.51) for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, 0.93 (95% confidence interval 0.56-1.54) for total leukaemia, 1.43 (95% confidence interval 0.68-3.02) for central nervous system cancers and 0.90 (95% confidence interval 0.59-1.35) for all malignancies. With exposure modelled as a continuous variable, odds ratios for an increase in the principal metric of 10 V m(-1) were close to unity for all disease categories, never differing significantly from one.     

Mental health, demographic, and risk behavior profiles of pregnant survivors of childhood and adult abuse

Our objective was to address the gap in knowledge about the extent to which perinatal mental health and risk behaviors are associated with childhood and adult experiences of abuse that arises because of barriers to screening and disclosure about past and current abuse. Survey data from an ongoing study of the effects of posttraumatic stress on childbearing were used to describe four groups of nulliparous women: those with no abuse history, adult abuse only, childhood abuse only, and abuse that occurred during both periods. The rates of abuse history disclosure were higher in the research context than in the clinical settings. Mental health morbidity and risk behaviors occurred in a dose-response pattern with cumulative abuse exposure. Rates of current posttraumatic stress disorder ranged from 4.1% among those never abused to 11.4% (adult only), 16.0% (childhood only), and 39.2% (both periods). Women abused during both periods also were more likely to be using tobacco (21.5%) and drugs (16.5%) during pregnancy. We conclude that mental health and behavioral risk sequelae affect a significant portion of both childhood and adult abuse survivors in prenatal care. The integration into the maternity setting of existing evidence-based interventions for the mental health and behavioral sequelae of abuse is needed.     

儿童期营养状况对成年期健康状况影响的分析研究

目的探讨儿童青少年期营养状况对成年期健康状况的影响。方法使用"中国居民健康与营养调查"项目1991年到2006年间的6轮中在1991年调查时满2周岁、未满18周岁且每次调查时都保存在研究队列中并且有完整调查结果者。利用重复测量数据的混合效应模型分别研究男女对象从儿童期到成年期BMI的变化趋势。利用Cox比例风险模型,研究成年期发生高血压的风险概率。结果儿童期的消瘦、超重肥胖状态,对成年期显示出了轨迹性的影响。儿童期营养状况和父母教育水平是成年后发生高血压的危险因素,男性研究对象蛋白质摄入每增加1g,不发生高血压的风险比为0.991。女性研究对象能量摄入每增加1kcal/d,不发生高血压的风险比为0.9997。结论儿童期的营养健康状况表现出对成年期健康状况会发生持续影响的趋势。     

单纯性肥胖症儿童血浆脂联素水平及脂代谢紊乱临床意义研究

目的 探讨儿童期合并单纯性肥胖症与血浆脂联素(adiponectin)的关系,分析脂肪代谢紊乱相关因素.方法 选择2008年12月至2009年12月在本院保健科门诊就诊的单纯性肥胖症患儿105例纳入肥胖组.其中,男性为73例,女性为32例;年龄为6～13岁,平均为(8.99±1.94)岁;体重指数(body mass index,BMI)为(25.25±3.60)kg/m2.随机抽取同期在本院门诊体检的体重指数正常儿童50例纳入对照组.其中,男性为30例,女性为20例;年龄为6～13岁,平均为(8.78±1.66)岁;体重指数为(16.78±1.40)kg/m2(两组均排除遗传、代谢、内分泌等疾病)(本研究遵循的程序符合本院人体试验委员会制定的伦理学标准,分组征得患儿监护人的知情同意,并签署临床研究知情同意书).采用ELISA法检测血浆脂联素水平.免疫比浊法测定血脂包括甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG),总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC);血脂蛋白包括载脂蛋白A(apolipoprotein A,ApoA),载脂蛋白B(apolipoprotein B,ApoB);血生化指标包括谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT),谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST),尿酸(uric acid,UA),血糖(blood sugar,BS).分析脂联素与体重指数、血脂及脂蛋白间的相关性.并行常规肝脏超声检查,明确非酒精性脂肪肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)发病率.结果 ①肥胖组儿童血浆脂联素水平低于对照组,两组比较,差异有显著意义(P<0.01).②肥胖组儿童甘油三酯、载脂蛋白B、谷草转氨酶、血糖水平升高与对照组比较,差异无显著意义 (P<0.05);肥胖组儿童血总胆固醇、载脂蛋白A、载脂蛋白、尿酸水平升高与对照组比较,差异有显著意义(P>0.05);③血浆脂联素与体重指数呈负相关(r=-0.33,P<0.01),与载脂蛋白A、载脂蛋白B、总胆固醇、甘油三酯亦呈负相关(r=-0.138,r=-0.06,r=-0.09,r=-0.12),但差异无显著意义(P>0.05).④肥胖组脂肪肝和非酒精性脂肪肝病检出率分别为20.21%(19/94)和9.57% (9/94),对照组均为0.00 (0/50).两组两种疾病检出率比较,差异有显著意义(P<0.05).结论 作为新型脂源性激素,血浆脂联素水平变化与儿童单纯性肥胖症发病相关,脂联素变化早于部分血脂成分改变.检测血浆脂联素,常规肝脏超声检查,有助于早期判断儿童单纯性肥胖症发展趋势,为儿童单纯性肥胖症、脂肪代谢紊乱的早期防治开拓新的思路.     

Preventing and treating childhood overweight and obesity in children up to 5 years old: A systematic review by intervention setting

The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing worldwide with long‐term health consequences. Effective strategies to stem the rising childhood obesity rates are needed but systematic reviews of interventions have reported inconsistent effects. Evaluation of interventions could provide more practically relevant information when considered in the context of the setting in which the intervention was delivered. This systematic review has evaluated diet and physical activity interventions aimed at reducing obesity in children, from birth to 5 years old, by intervention setting. A systematic review of the literature, consistent with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, was performed. Three electronic databases were searched from 2010 up to December 2020 for randomised controlled trials aiming to prevent or treat childhood obesity in children up to 5 years old. The studies were stratified according to the setting in which the intervention was conducted. Twenty‐eight studies were identified and included interventions in childcare/school (n = 11), home (n = 5), community (n = 5), hospital (n = 4), e‐health (n = 2) and mixed (n = 1) settings. Thirteen (46%) interventions led to improvements in childhood obesity measures, including body mass index z‐score and body fat percentage, 12 of which included both parental/family‐based interventions in conjunction with modifying the child''s diet and physical activity behaviours. Home‐based interventions were identified as the most effective setting as four out of five studies reported significant changes in the child''s weight outcomes. Interventions conducted in the home setting and those which included parents/families were effective in preventing childhood obesity. These findings should be considered when developing optimal strategies for the prevention of childhood obesity.     

徐荣谦教授轻摩法在儿童哮喘的临床应用

北京中医药大学东直门医院儿科徐荣谦教授结合古代按摩手法和儿童体质特点,经40多年临床,积累了丰富经验,并进行了多项相关课题研究。本文拟结合徐荣谦经验,参阅相关文献,并综合分析,探讨轻摩法在治疗儿童哮喘的临床应用前景。结果表明轻摩法在儿童哮喘的疗效肯定,操作非常方便,甚至可以教会家长,使之成为哮喘儿童的治疗师,是目前治疗儿童哮喘的新路,值得推广。