Effects of a combination hemoglobin based oxygen carrier-hypertonic saline solution on oxygen transport in the treatment of traumatic shock

Background

Logistics complicate fluid resuscitation of traumatic shock on the battlefield. Traumatic shock can result in oxygen debt (O₂D) accumulation that is fatal. However, the ability of fluid strategies to repay O₂D are not commonly reported. This pilot study examined various resuscitation fluids, including a combination of PEGylated bovine hemoglobin and hypertonic saline (AfterShock™) on their ability to repay O₂D in traumatic shock.

Methods

41 anesthetized swine underwent hemorrhage to an O₂D of 80 mL/kg. Animals received one of the following: 500 mL whole blood, 500 mL AfterShock™, 500 mL hypertonic (7.2%) saline, 250 mL hypertonic (7.2%) saline, 500 mL Hetastarch (6%), or 500 mL lactated Ringer's. Oxygen transport variables (O₂D, oxygen consumption, oxygen delivery, central venous hemoglobin oxygen saturation, oxygen extraction ratios), lactate clearance, and survival were monitored for 3 h after treatment. Data were analyzed using mixed-model ANOVA and comparisons were made to the performance of whole blood.

Results

Only animals receiving AfterShock™, 500 mL hypertonic saline, and 500 mL Hetastarch survived to 180 min. While not statistically significant AfterShock™ demonstrated trends in improving the repayment of O₂D and in improving oxygen transport variables despite having lower levels of global oxygen delivery compared to whole blood, Hetastarch and 500 mL hypertonic saline groups.

Conclusion

Use of 500 mL AfterShock™, 500 mL of 7.2% saline or 500 mL of Hetastarch resulted in improved short-term survival. While not statistically significant, AfterShock™ demonstrated trends in improving O₂D. These findings may have implications for designing resuscitation fluids for combat casualty care.     

Oxygen transport characterization of a human model of progressive hemorrhage

Background

Hemorrhage continues to be a leading cause of death from trauma sustained both in combat and in the civilian setting. New models of hemorrhage may add value in both improving our understanding of the physiologic responses to severe bleeding and as platforms to develop and test new monitoring and therapeutic techniques. We examined changes in oxygen transport produced by central volume redistribution in humans using lower body negative pressure (LBNP) as a potential mimetic of hemorrhage.

Methods and results

In 20 healthy volunteers, systemic oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption, skeletal muscle oxygenation and oral mucosa perfusion were measured over increasing levels of LBNP to the point of hemodynamic decompensation. With sequential reductions in central blood volume, progressive reductions in oxygen delivery and tissue oxygenation and perfusion parameters were noted, while no changes were observed in systemic oxygen uptake or markers of anaerobic metabolism in the blood (e.g., lactate, base excess). While blood pressure decreased and heart rate increased during LBNP, these changes occurred later than the reductions in tissue oxygenation and perfusion.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that LBNP induces changes in oxygen transport consistent with the compensatory phase of hemorrhage, but that a frank state of shock (delivery-dependent oxygen consumption) does not occur. LBNP may therefore serve as a model to better understand a variety of compensatory physiological changes that occur during the pre-shock phase of hemorrhage in conscious humans. As such, LBNP may be a useful platform from which to develop and test new monitoring capabilities for identifying the need for intervention during the early phases of hemorrhage to prevent a patient's progression to overt shock.     

中国维和军医战伤救治技能培训效果评估

目的 通过调查中国部署前维和军医战伤救治能力现状,分析维和军医战伤救治技能培训中存在的问题,为完善培训内容提供借鉴.方法 采取整群抽样法,纳入部署前中国维和分队一级医院军医作为研究对象,通过问卷调查法、理论考核、桌面推演和实训演练(包括现场评估、检伤分类、胸腔闭式引流术),对35名完成战伤救治培训的维和军医进行调查.问...     

边境难民伤病预测的影响因素量化指标体系研究

目的:为了确定影响边境地区难民伤病各因素的重要程度,为难民伤病预测提供依据.方法:通过对相关文献的检索与研究,整理概括出边境地区难民伤病的主要影响因素,并将其指标分为三级,量化指标体系的建立按照德尔菲法,即专家咨询的方法步骤进行.经过三轮咨询,根据专家反馈意见修改指标名称及内涵,并结合运用层次分析法和对比排序法确定各指标的权重.结果:构建了边境难民伤病影响因素的三级指标体系,确定了4个一级指标:自然因素、社会因素、医学因素和战争因素,12个二级指标以及37个三级指标,求得了各指标的权重.结论:本研究结果可作为难民伤病预测的依据,并为做好边境难民的卫勤保障提供参考.     

新型汽车运送伤员附加装置的研制

在选取新材料、新工艺的基础上,进行了汽车运送伤员附加装置总体结构设计、担架固定装置设计、隔振设计、车厢栏板卡固装置设计、人机工效参数设计等。力学性能试验、使用可靠性测试、道路适应性试验、乘卧舒适性试验和部队试验试用结果表明,本装置使用安全、可靠、方便、乘卧舒适性较好。本装置为我军野战条件下的伤病员送运提供了一套适用的新装备。     

基于美军二战海战减员数据的校正

目的：通过对二战减员数据的校正，为下一步建立海战减员预计模型提供数据支持．方法：选取美军在二战太平洋海战中的减员数据作为研究的基本资料，通过专家咨询法(Delph method)对其进行校正，所有结果都对其进行了t检验．结果：水面舰艇遭受炸弹、舰炮及航空火炮、短程导弹、鱼雷和水雷的攻击时减员将减少，遭受中程导弹攻击时减员将会增加．结论：该校正结果可作为研究未来海战卫生减员预计的基本依据之一．     

Specific stretchers enhance rapid extraction by tactical medical support teams in mass casualty incidents

Objective

In mass casualty incidents where the threat is on-going, victim evacuation remains a challenge: fast extraction while respecting spinal immobilisation and haemorrhage control. Different devices can be used but their suitability has not been compared.

European Burns Association guidelines for the management of burn mass casualty incidents within a European response plan

BackgroundA European response plan to burn mass casualty incidents has been jointly developed by the European Commission and the European Burn Association. Upon request for assistance by an affected country, the plan outlines a mechanism for coordinated international assistance, aiming to alleviate the burden of care in the affected country and to offer adequate specialized care to all patients who can benefit from it. To that aim, Burn Assessment Teams are deployed to assess and triage patients. Their transportation priority recommendations are used to distribute outnumbering burn casualties to foreign burn centers. Following an appropriate medical evacuation, these casualties receive specialized care in those facilities.MethodsThe European Burns Association’s disaster committee developed medical-organizational guidelines to support this European plan. The experts identified fields of interest, defined questions to be addressed, performed relevant literature searches, and added their expertise in burn disaster preparedness and response. Due to the lack of high-level evidence in the available literature, recommendations and specially designed implementation tools were provided from expert opinion. The European Burns Association officially endorsed the draft recommendations in 2019, and the final full text was approved by the EBA executive committee in 2022.RecommendationsThe resulting 46 recommendations address four fields. Field 1 underlines the need for national preparedness plans and the necessary core items within such plans, including coordination and integration with an international response. Field 2 describes Burn Assessment Teams' roles, composition, training requirements, and reporting goals. Field 3 addresses the goals of specialized in-hospital triage, appropriate severity criteria, and their effects on priorities and triage. Finally, field 4 covers medical evacuations, including their timing and organization, the composition of evacuation teams and their assets, preparation, and the principles of en route care.