Otological trauma resulting from the Soho Nail Bomb in London,April 1999

Otological trauma resulting from the Soho Nail Bomb in London, April 1999 We report the otological effects of the April 1999 Soho Nail Bomb on 17 patients. Twenty‐one (62%) tympanic membranes were perforated (pars tensa only); 78% closed spontaneously within 6 months. The mean size of the perforation in the tympanic membrane nearer to the blast was significantly larger than the opposite side [33% ± 8.3 (mean ± SD) and 13% ± 4.1 respectively; P = 0.02]. All patients reported hearing losses that were mixed conductive and sensorineural but mainly high‐frequency sensorineural (4, 6 and 8 kHz, pure tone average 42.3 dB ± 20.5). The sensorineural hearing loss correlated inversely with the distance from the explosion but not with the size of perforation. There was no significant difference in the hearing loss between the ear facing the blast and the opposite ear. Fifteen patients (88%) had temporary tinnitus. No patient complained of any vestibular symptoms. The otological effects of a nail bomb in an enclosed space have not been previously reported. Furthermore, an inverse correlation between hearing loss and distance from the explosion and a significant difference in perforation size facing the blast, compared with the opposite side, are also presented for the first time. The high spontaneous closure rate of perforations and minimal ongoing disability from sensorineural losses favour conservative management in most cases.     

中等强度冲击波负压暴露后豚鼠耳蜗毛细胞核形态学观察

目的观察冲击波负压(BUP)暴露后早期豚鼠耳蜗毛细胞胞核的病理形态学变化。方法将豚鼠在负压峰值为-44.5~-48.8kPa的中等强度BUP暴露3次,于BUP暴露后7d解剖取出耳蜗,应用DNA荧光染料Hoechst 33342显示毛细胞核,在荧光显微镜下毛细胞病理损害情况并进行计数。结果BUP暴露后7d,豚鼠耳蜗毛细胞可见胞核肿胀、胞核缺失、胞核固缩3种病变,以核肿胀发生最高,其次是核缺失,核固缩最为少见,3种病变的总发生率达(17.3±3.2)%,明显高于正常对照组(P<0.001)。结论BUP暴露可导致耳蜗外毛细胞核明显的病理性改变,这种改变可能是造成听力损失的主要原因之一。     

豚鼠冲击波负压暴露后耳蜗毛细胞扫描电镜和透射电镜观察

目的 探讨冲击波负压(BUP)暴露后豚鼠耳蜗毛细胞的超微结构变化特点.方法 将豚鼠暴露于不同强度的实验性BUP 1次,8h～7d后应用扫描电镜和透射电镜技术观察耳蜗基底膜毛细胞的超微结构变化.结果 负压峰值为-22.4 ～-63.3kPa的BUP暴露后,豚鼠耳蜗毛细胞的超微结构变化发生了不同程度的病理性改变,主要表现为第2、3排外毛细胞散在性缺失,甚至节段性外毛细胞缺失、纤毛融合甚至巨纤毛形成及胞浆溢出,纤毛内微丝解聚、线粒体肿胀、溶酶体数量增多和胞浆内空泡形成.结论 不同强度的BUP暴露可导致豚鼠耳蜗毛细胞的超微结构病变,且BUP强度越高,病变越重.     

Blast injuries: a guide for the civilian surgeon

Military clinicians became familiar with the blast injuries during recent conflicts. Management of these complex injuries has advanced significantly, and survival amongst UK service personnel has increased year on year. Civilian casualties from terrorist activities have included multiple casualties with similar blast injuries. Civilian clinicians should now be ready to receive blast-injured casualties in the event of major terrorist attacks. This article outlines the mechanisms by which blast inflicts injury. It describes the management steps required to treat these complex, potentially lethal wounds.     

A partial nucleated differential cell count of the bone marrow aspirate that is independent of peripheral blood dilution

In the bone marrow (BM) nucleated differential cell count (NDC), myeloblasts are enumerated as a percentage of total nucleated cells, which are inevitably diluted with peripheral blood nucleated cells (PBNC) during BM aspiration. We propose a partial NDC (PNDC) comprising only immature haemopoietic cells capable of division, i.e. myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes and erythroblasts. We show that the myeloid : erythroid (M : E) ratio of the PNDC remains approximately constant in progressively dilute aliquots of BM aspirates. We determined the PNDC in 22 healthy subjects and investigated the effect of peripheral blood dilution on disease stratification of 66 BM aspirates with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). NDC and PNDC myeloblast counts were compared and the equivalent PNDC myeloblast counts for NDC myeloblast threshold counts of 5, 10 and 20% were derived. Reclassification of MDS samples with the PNDC resulted in a change in disease category in 33.3% of 51 MDS samples with NDC myeloblast counts ranging from 3 to 26%. The PNDC is independent of PBNC dilution and can be determined in dilute BM samples. It alters the disease category in a significant proportion of BM aspirates with MDS and has the potential to better stratify MDS to improve clinical outcomes and treatment.     

Shock tubes and blast injury modeling

Explosive blast injury has become the most prevalent injury in recent military conflicts and terrorist attacks. The magnitude of this kind of polytrauma is complex due to the basic physics of blast and the surrounding environments. Therefore, development of stable, reproducible and controllable animal model using an ideal blast simulation device is the key of blast injury research. The present review addresses the modeling of blast injury and applications of shock tubes.     

Clinical characteristics of 15 children with juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia who developed blast crisis: MDS Committee of Japanese Society of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML) is a rare haematopoietic stem cell disease of early childhood, which can progress to blast crisis in some children. A total of 153 children diagnosed with JMML were reported to the Myelodysplastic Syndrome Committee in Japan between 1989 and 2007; 15 of them (9·8%) had 20% or more blasts in the bone marrow (blast crisis) during the disease course. Blast crisis occurred during observation without therapy (n = 3) or with oral 6‐mercaptopurine treatment (n = 9) and in relapse after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT; n = 3). Six patients had a complex karyotype (5 including monosomy 7) and an additional three patients had isolated monosomy 7 at blast crisis. Seven patients received HSCT after blast crisis and four of them achieved remission. Eleven out of the 15 patients died; the cause of death was disease progression in 10 patients and transplant‐related complication in one patient. In summary, patients with blast crisis have poor prognosis and can be cured only by HSCT. The emergence of monosomy 7 and complex karyotype may be characteristic of blast crisis in a substantial subset of children.     

DNA copy number alterations mark disease progression in paediatric chronic myeloid leukaemia

Early recognition of children with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML‐CP) at risk for developing a lymphoid blast crisis (LyBC) is desirable, because therapy options in CML‐LyBC are limited. We used Multiplex Ligation‐dependent Probe Amplification to determine whether B‐cell lymphoid leukaemia‐specific copy number alterations (CNAs) (e.g. IKZF1, PAX5, CDKN2A deletions) could be detected in CML‐CP and may be used to predict disease progression to LyBC. CNAs were detected in all patients with CML‐LyBC, but in none of the 77 patients with CML‐CP. Based on this study we conclude that CNAs remain a hallmark of disease progression.     

确立重度肺爆震伤救治中体外膜肺氧合的地位

随着经济全球化和世界格局的极不稳定,局部范围内各类爆炸不断,肺爆震伤患者逐渐增多。重度肺爆震伤伤情复杂、临床救治难度大、并发症多,能否早期、有效地维持呼吸、循环功能稳定,是提高救治率、降低病死率的关键。而体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)已成为救治各种重症肺部疾病不可或缺的方法。笔者采用ECMO救治重度肺爆震伤动物模型的早期试验以及临床救治重度肺爆震伤患者均取得了满意的效果。因ECMO具有强大的心肺辅助支持功能,从而为重度肺爆震伤的救治提供一条新途径。