Clinical and microbiological profile of adult inpatients with community acquired pneumonia in Ilorin,North Central,Nigeria

BackgroundThe optimal management of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) depends on the clinical and microbiological profile in the locality.ObjectivesTo determine the clinical and microbiological profile of patients admitted with CAP in Ilorin, Nigeria.MethodsOne hundred and two consenting consecutively selected patients with clinical and radiologic confirmation of CAP were recruited in 12 months. The socio-demographic, physical examination and laboratory/radiologic parameters were documented in a questionnaire. Microbiological evaluation of their sputum was done and blood samples were taken for complete blood count, culture, serum urea and serological evaluation for atypical bacteria and some viral pathogens.ResultsCAP constituted 5.9% of the total medical admissions during the one-year study period. The mean age of the patients was 49 ± 22 years with the largest frequency in those aged 65 years and above. The commonest symptoms were shortness of breath (96.1%) and cough (94.1%), with a median duration of 3 days from symptom onset to admission. Systemic hypertension was the commonest comorbid illness (25/102; 24.5%). Klebsiella pneumoniae was the predominant pathogen isolated (20/102; 28.1%). The susceptible antibiotics were Imipenem, Ceftazidime and Ceftriaxone. Intra-hospital mortality was 17.6%. CURB – 65 score of ≥ 2 and the presence of complications of CAP were the independent predictors of mortality.ConclusionCAP constitutes a significant disease burden in Ilorin, Nigeria. Typical bacteria accounted for over half of the pathogens isolated from the patients with gram negative agents predominating. This highlights a possible shift in the microbiological profile which could guide empirical treatment.     

Neurosis of acquired helplessness and role of hypoxia in the formation of this disorder in rats

Acquisition of instrumental defense response with pain reinforcement uncertainty (25% reinforcement) induced the development of acquired helplessness in 50% rats. Acquired helplessness is characterized by the absence of responses to conditioned (light) and unconditioned stimuli (pain), minor response of plasma corticosterone to learning, gas markers of circulatory cerebral hypoxia (DA/V pO₂ carotid artery/jugular vein), low sensitivity to severe hypobaric conditions, and high resistance of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Piracetam improved learning and prevented the development of acquired helplessness. Local changes in cerebral blood flow and energy deficit in neurons responsible for emotional stress during acquired helplessness impair adaptive capacity, but reduce energy consumption and protect neuronal structures.     

中性粒细胞CD64在儿童社区获得性肺炎诊断中的价值

目的：探讨外周血中性粒细胞CD64的表达在儿童社区获得性肺炎（CAP）诊断中的价值。方法：依据病原体不同将98例社区获得性肺炎患儿分为细菌感染组（48例）、病毒感染组（29例）以及支原体感染组（21例）;另设健康对照组（20例）。细菌感染组依据患儿的入院情况分为轻症感染组（36例）和重症感染组（12例）。采用流式细胞术检测外周血中性粒细胞CD64的表达,同时免疫比浊法检测外周血C反应蛋白（CRP）的水平。结果：治疗前细菌感染组CD64指数和CRP水平显著高于其他3组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。重症组CD64指数和CRP水平较轻症组显著增高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。细菌感染组经过有效的抗菌治疗后,CD64表达水平下降,和治疗前相比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。相关分析结果显示CD64指数与CRP呈正相关（r=0.545,P＜0.01）。 ROC曲线分析结果显示CD64、CRP最佳临界值分别为2.8和8 mg/L,CD64指数的特异性（90%）远高于CRP（74%）。结论：外周血中性粒细胞CD64测定有助于肺部细菌感染的早期诊断,并可以判断病情的严重程度及疗效。     

Combat experience and the acquired capability for suicide

Rising suicide rates are an increasing concern among military personnel. The interpersonal‐psychological theory of suicide proposes that three necessary factors are needed to die by suicide: feelings that one does not belong with other people, feelings that one is a burden on others or society, and an acquired capability to overcome the fear and pain associated with suicide. The current study tests the theory's proposal that acquired capability may be particularly influenced by military experience, because combat exposure may cause habituation to fear of painful experiences such as suicide. Utilizing clinical and nonclinical samples of military personnel deployed to Iraq, results of the current study indicate that a greater range of combat experiences predicts acquired capability above and beyond depression and post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms, previous suicidality, and other common risk factors for suicide. Combat experiences did not, however, predict perceived burdensomeness or thwarted belongingness. The authors discuss how combat experiences might serve as a mechanism for elevating suicide risk and implications for clinical interventions and suicide prevention efforts. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: 66:1–13, 2010.     

Clinicopathological features and CD57 expression in renal cell carcinoma in acquired cystic disease of the kidneys: with special emphasis on a relation to the duration of haemodialysis,the degree of calcium oxalate deposition,histological type,and possible tumorigenesis

Enoki Y, Katoh G, Okabe H & Yanagisawa A
(2010) Histopathology 56, 384–394 Clinicopathological features and CD57 expression in renal cell carcinoma in acquired cystic disease of the kidneys: with special emphasis on a relation to the duration of haemodialysis, the degree of calcium oxalate deposition, histological type, and possible tumorigenesis Aims: Acquired cystic disease of the kidney (ACDK) in patients undergoing haemodialysis is known to develop into renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but its pathogenesis remains unclear. The aims were to analyse the histological findings of ACDK‐RCC and to determine its histogenesis. Methods and results: Twenty‐nine RCCs in 23 patients with ACDK were classified into three groups according to the duration of haemodialysis and were analysed for histological type, calcium oxalate (Oxa) deposition, and cyst and atypical cyst (AC) formation. Histologically, 21 tumours were ACDK‐RCC and eight were clear cell carcinoma (CCC). The ratio of ACDK‐RCC and the numbers of cysts and ACs increased as the duration of haemodialysis was prolonged. The degrees of intratumoral Oxa deposition and cyst and AC formation of ACDK‐RCCs were higher than those of CCCs (Oxa, P = 0.028; cyst, P < 0.0001; AC, P = 0.0002). Many ACDK‐RCCs (85.7%) and some CCCs (50%) had characteristics of the thin ascending loop of Henle as assessed by CD57 (HNK‐1) expression, which was rarely expressed in the 29 control cases. Conclusions: ACDK‐RCCs reveal characteristics of Henle’s loop, which may be related to their peculiar pathological features, including intratumoral oxalate deposition and cyst and AC formation.     

头孢呋辛、头孢曲松和头孢噻肟治疗老年社区获得性肺炎的临床评价

目的比较头孢呋辛、头孢曲松和头孢噻肟治疗老年社区获得性肺炎的临床疗效、细菌清除率和安全性特点。方法采用随机、开放、对照研究的方法．78例患者分为头孢曲松组28例．采用头孢曲松注射液，静脉滴注1g·次^-1，1次·d^-1；头孢呋辛组24例，采用头孢呋辛注射液，静脉滴注1．5g·次^-1，3次·d^-1；头孢噻肟组26例，采用头孢噻肟注射液，静脉滴注2g·次^-1，3次·d^-1；疗程10-14d，评价临床疗效和细菌学疗效。结果头孢曲松和头孢噻肟组临床疗效明显优于头孢呋辛组，其差别有显著性（P〈0．05）；头孢曲松组细菌清除率是86．7％（13／15），头孢噻肟组清除率是85．7％，头孢呋辛组是62．5％，头孢曲松组和头孢噻肟组清除率明显高于头孢呋辛组（P〈0．05）。3组均未出现严重的不良反应。结论头孢曲松和头孢噻肟临床疗效及细胞清除率均优于头孢呋辛，是治疗老年社区获得性肺炎较好的药物之一。     

神经外科重症监护室医院获得性肺炎细菌培养结果分析及防治对策

目的:探讨神经外科重症监护室医院获得性肺炎的诱发因素、病原菌分布及其耐药性,为疾病的防治提供参考。方法:回顾性分析2003～2005年我科重症监护室73例医院获得性肺炎患者的临床资料,标本均经人工气道直接从深部吸痰取样,应用VITEK2细胞鉴定系统对标本进行鉴定。结果:常见诱发因素为意识障碍、气管插管、气管切开术和机械通气治疗等;最常见病原菌为革兰阴性菌,以铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主;药物敏感试验易出现多重高比例耐药。结论:保持呼吸道通畅,合理使用抗生素,加强全身支持治疗是防治神经外科重症监护室医院获得性肺炎的有效手段。     

重症监护病房医院感染病原菌流行菌株及耐药分析

目的调查分析重症监护病房（ICU）医院感染的病原菌流行菌株分布、耐药情况及其耐药性变化趋势，为危重患者抗感染治疗提供依据。方法对ICU2000年1月-2005年12月所分离出的病原菌菌株及其耐药性进行回顾性调查分析。结果共检出病原菌896株，其中革兰阴性菌666株（74．3％），以铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍氏不动杆菌为主，主要见于呼吸道感染；革兰阳性球菌230株（25．7％），以葡萄球菌属和肠球菌属为主，主要见于呼吸道和泌尿道感染；病原菌对常用抗菌药物耐药严重，且呈多药耐药，革兰阳性菌分离率逐年增多，革兰阴性菌对主要抗菌药物的耐药率呈逐年上升之势。结论ICU医院感染的部位主要是呼吸道，以革兰阴性菌为主，对常用抗菌药物耐药严重，且呈多药耐药，需严格掌握抗菌药物使用原则，根据药敏选用抗菌药物。     

胸腺肽α1对老年重症医院获得性肺炎患者免疫功能的影响

目的 探讨胸腺肽α1治疗对老年重症医院获得性肺炎（SHAP）患者细胞免疫功能的影响及其临床意义。方法36例SHAP患者随机分为治疗组（n=20）和对照组（n=16）。治疗组在对照组基础上给予胸腺肽α1，1.6mg皮下注射。2次／日，持续1周，之后改为1，6mg，皮下注射，隔日一次，共2周。结果 治疗组治疗后单核细胞人类白细胞抗原（HIA）-DR、自然杀伤（NK）细胞、CD4^＋细胞及CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值明显上升；治疗组住院死亡率明显低于对照组，其存活者抗生素应用时间亦比对照组明显缩短。结论 胸腺肽α1能提高SHAP患者免疫功能，有利于感染控制，并降低住院死亡率。