Neural stem/progenitor cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes,reduce inflammation,and ameliorate learning deficits after transplantation in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury

The central nervous system has limited capacity for regeneration after traumatic injury. Transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) has been proposed as a potential therapeutic approach while insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) has neuroprotective properties following various experimental insults to the nervous system. We have previously shown that NPCs transduced with a lentiviral vector for IGF‐I overexpression have an enhanced ability to give rise to neurons in vitro but also in vivo, upon transplantation in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Here we studied the regenerative potential of NPCs, IGF‐I‐transduced or not, in a mouse model of hippocampal mechanical injury. NPC transplantation, with or without IGF‐I transduction, rescued the injury‐induced spatial learning deficits as revealed in the Morris Water Maze. Moreover, it had beneficial effects on the host tissue by reducing astroglial activation and microglial/macrophage accumulation while enhancing generation of endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells. One or two months after transplantation the grafted NPCs had migrated towards the lesion site and in the neighboring myelin‐rich regions. Transplanted cells differentiated toward the oligodendroglial, but not the neuronal or astrocytic lineages, expressing the early and late oligodendrocyte markers NG2, Olig2, and CNPase. The newly generated oligodendrocytes reached maturity and formed myelin internodes. Our current and previous observations illustrate the high plasticity of transplanted NPCs which can acquire injury‐dependent phenotypes within the host CNS, supporting the fact that reciprocal interactions between transplanted cells and the host tissue are an important factor to be considered when designing prospective cell‐based therapies for CNS degenerative conditions. GLIA 2016;64:763–779     

Animal models of Central Diabetes Insipidus: Human relevance of acquired beyond hereditary syndromes and the role of oxytocin

The aim of this study was to review different animal models of Central Diabetes Insipidus, a neurobiological syndrome characterized by the excretion of copious amounts of diluted urine (polyuria), a consequent water intake (polydipsia), and a rise in the serum sodium concentration (hypernatremia). In rodents, Central Diabetes Insipidus can be caused by genetic disorders (Brattleboro rats) but also by various traumatic/surgical interventions, including neurohypophysectomy, pituitary stalk compression, hypophysectomy, and median eminence lesions. Regardless of its etiology, Central Diabetes Insipidus affects the neuroendocrine system that secretes arginine vasopressin, a neurohormone responsible for antidiuretic functions that acts trough the renal system. However, most Central Diabetes Insipidus models also show disorders in other neurobiological systems, specifically in the secretion of oxytocin, a neurohormone involved in body sodium excretion.Although the hydromineral behaviors shown by the different Central Diabetes Insipidus models have usually been considered as very similar, the present review highlights relevant differences with respect to these behaviors as a function of the individual neurobiological systems affected. Increased understanding of the relationship between the neuroendocrine systems involved and the associated hydromineral behaviors may allow appropriate action to be taken to correct these behavioral neuroendocrine deficits.     

Effects of anteriorly-loaded treadmill walking on dynamic gait stability in young adults

BackgroundAnteriorly-loaded walking is common in many occupations and may increase fall risk. Dynamic gait stability, defined by the Feasible Stability Region (FSR) theory, quantifies the kinematic relationship between the body’s center of mass (COM) and base of support (BOS). FSR-based dynamic gait stability has been used to evaluate the fall risk.Research questionHow does front load carriage affect dynamic gait stability, step length, and trunk angle among young adults during treadmill walking?MethodsIn this between-subject design study, 30 healthy young adults were evenly randomized into three load groups (0%, 10%, or 20% of body weight). Participants carried their assigned load while walking on a treadmill at a speed of 1.2 m/s. Body kinematics were collected during treadmill walking. Dynamic gait stability (the primary variable) was calculated for two gait events: touchdown and liftoff. Step length and trunk angle were measured as secondary variables. One-way analysis of variance was conducted to detect any group-related differences for all variables. Post-hoc analysis with Bonferroni correction was performed when main group differences were found.ResultsNo significant differences but medium to large effect sizes were found between groups for dynamic gait stability at touchdown (p = 0.194, η² = 0.114) and liftoff (p = 0.122, η² = 0.139). Trunk angle significantly increased (indicating backward lean) with the front load at touchdown (p < 0.001, η² = 0.648) and liftoff (p < 0.001, η² = 0.543). No significant between-group difference was found related to the step length (p = 0.344, η² = 0.076).SignificanceCarrying a front load during walking significantly alters the trunk orientation and may change the COM-BOS kinematic relationship and, therefore, fall risk. The findings could inform the design of future studies focusing on the impact of anterior load carriage on fall risk during different locomotion.     

HIV/AIDS 患者骨髓抑制与CD4+T细胞计数及HIV病毒载量相关性分析

目的 了解HIV/AIDS患者骨髓抑制与CD4⁺T细胞计数及病毒载量的关系。方法 入组53例北京佑安医院2015年1月—2017年12月收治住院的HIV/AIDS患者,观察外周血象特征、骨髓造血情况、CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数及HIV病毒载量情况,比较不同骨髓抑制程度与CD4⁺T细胞计数、病毒载量的差异。结果 按CD4⁺T细胞计数,将53例患者分为CD4⁺T细胞>200个/μL组和CD4⁺T细胞≤200个/μL组,CD4⁺T细胞>200个/μL组16例,CD4⁺T细胞≤200个/μL组37例。CD4⁺T细胞≤200个/μL组患者外周血中红细胞计数、白细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数均明显低于CD4⁺T细胞>200个/μL组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。CD4⁺T细胞≤200个/μL组中,三系减少8例,两系减少12例,一系减少9例;但在CD4⁺T细胞>200个/μL组,三系减少1例,两系减少2例,一系减少5例,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。按骨髓分级分0、I~Ⅱ、Ⅲ~Ⅳ级三组,HIV病毒载量中位数分别为1.60 、4.08、4.67 Log（copies/mL）,三组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。三组的CD4⁺T细胞分别为156、131、28个/μL,三组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 HIV/AIDS 患者病毒载量越高,骨髓抑制现象越明显,导致血细胞减少为主的外周血血象异常。     

Positive evidence against human hippocampal involvement in working memory maintenance of familiar stimuli

Subjects (n = 40) performed a delayed item recognition task for visually presented letters with three set sizes (1, 3 or 6 letters). Accuracy was close to ceiling at all set sizes, so we took set size as a proxy for WM load (i.e. the amount of information being maintained in WM). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal associated with the delay period increased in a nearly linear fashion with WM load in the left inferior frontal gyrus/anterior insula (possibly Broca's area, BA 44/45), right anterior insula, bilateral caudate, bilateral precentral gyrus (BA 6), bilateral middle frontal gyrus (BA 9/46), bilateral inferior parietal lobule (with foci in both BA 39 and 40), left superior parietal lobule (BA 7), medial frontal gyrus (BA 6), anterior cingulate gyrus (BA 32) and bilateral superior frontal gyrus (BA 8). These results lend support to the idea that at least some of the cortical mechanisms of WM maintenance, potentially rehearsal, exhibit a scaling with WM load. In contrast, the delay-related fMRI signal in hippocampus followed an inverted U-shape, being greatest during the intermediate level of WM load, with relatively lower values at the lowest and highest levels of WM load. This pattern of delay-related fMRI activity, orthogonal to WM load, is seemingly not consonant with a role for hippocampus in WM maintenance of phonologically codable stimuli. This finding could possibly be related more to the general familiarity of the letter stimuli than their phonological codability per se.     

围绝经期及绝经后女性血红蛋白和血脂与骨质疏松的相关性

目的 研究围绝经期及绝经后女性体内血红蛋白和血脂水平(TG、LDL-c、HDL-c)与骨质疏松症的关系。方法 选取2016年1月至2020年1月在淄博市市级机关医院老年医学科住院的围绝经期及绝经后患者68例,按照骨密度检测结果分为骨质疏松组、骨量减少组、正常组;用方差分析和非参数检验分析的方法比较各组之间的差异。结果 骨量减少组的平均血红蛋白水平最高,骨质疏松组次之,正常组最低;骨量减少组与正常组和骨质疏松组之间的血红蛋白水平均存在显著差异(P<0.05);但正常组和骨质疏松组之间的平均血红蛋白水平不存在显著性差异(P>0.05)。血脂指标比较中,甘油三酯(TG)具有最大的组间差异性(P<0.01);其中骨量减少组的甘油三酯水平最高,其次是骨质疏松组,正常组最低。经非参数检验分析,正常组的甘油三酯水平与骨量减少组和骨质疏松组相比,仍然具有非常明显的显著性差异。甘油三酯低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-c)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-c)均没有明显的组间差异。结论 血红蛋白水平可能与骨质疏松相关,但呈双向作用,对围绝经期及绝经后女性人群来说,过高的血红蛋白水平所带来的铁负载...     

“过酸伤肝”与原发性骨质疏松症的相关性研究

《周礼》云：“疾医以五药养病,凡药以酸养骨。”《内经》云“味过于酸,肝气以津。”酸味善走筋,而酸味收敛,多食则筋易拘急;肝藏血而主筋,肝气受损,则筋伤血瘀,筋脉失养,运动不利,故发骨痿;过酸伤肝理论长期从饮食摄入方面影响着骨质疏松症的防治。现代研究认为,酸性环境会打破成骨细胞与破骨细胞之间的平衡;肝脏功能受损会引起骨代谢的紊乱,酸负荷也会导致骨代谢异常,但其中的关联尚不清楚。该文探讨“过酸伤肝”与原发性骨质疏松症之间的相关性,为骨质疏松症的防治提供思路。     

优质护理在面部水光注射治疗患者中的临床效果

目的 探究优质护理在行水光注射治疗的面部年轻化患者的临床效果。方法 选择京山市人民医院整形美容科2022年2月-2023年2月收治的行水光注射治疗的54例患者作为研究对象,随机分为对照组和观察组,各27例。对照组采用常规护理,观察组采用优质护理,比较两组护理效果、舒适度、自我管理行为及并发症发生情况。结果 观察组护理总有效率（100.00%）高于对照组（85.19%）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组舒适度评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组自我管理行为评分优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组并发症发生率（3.70%）低于对照组（22.22%）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 优质护理干预可提高面部水光针治疗的效果,改善患者舒适度及自我管理行为,降低并发症发生率。     

丙泊酚/异氟醚麻醉对大鼠获取空间记忆能力的损害及c-Fos和EGR-1蛋白的变化

目的 通过研究丙泊酚和异氟醚麻醉对青、老年大鼠Morris水迷宫训练成绩及海马CA1区脑神经元FOS核蛋白(c-Fos)和EGR-1核蛋白表达的变化,探讨麻醉后脑神经元分子水平变化与行为学表现的相关性.方法 雄件SD大鼠3月龄(青年组)和20月龄(老年组)各60只,随机分为对照组(不麻醉)、训练组(不麻醉,行Morris水迷宫训练)、丙泊酚组(丙泊酚100 mg·kg-1·h-1,ip;分别于麻醉2 h/4 h后的2 d/2周行Morris水迷宫训练:P2d,P4d,P2W,P4W)、异氟醚组(异氟醚1.2%;分别于麻醉2 h/4 h后的2 d/2周行Morris水迷宫训练:I2d,I4d,I2W,I4W).Morris水迷宫实验连续进行5 d,每天2次,记录逃避潜伏期变化,用以测试各组大鼠的空间学习记忆能力.行为学实验后立即分离海马组织CA1区,应用免疫组化法和酶标法半定量检测c-Fos和EGR-1核蛋白的阳性表达.结果 4 h异氟醚麻醉后,大鼠的认知功能损害均可持续至麻醉后2周,尤以老年大鼠常见且程度严重,表现为学习速度和记忆质量均有所下降(P<0.05),青年组大鼠学习速度略有下降(P<0.05);4 h丙泊酚麻醉后,老年组大鼠认知功能改变可持续至麻醉后2周,但与异氟醚麻醉相比程度较轻,主要表现为学习速度减慢(P<0.05).免疫组化法和酶标法检测结果:与对照组相比,Morris水迷宫训练后,大鼠海马CA1区c-Fos和EGR-1的表达均明显增加(P<0.05);I4d,I4W组老年大鼠和P4d组青年大鼠c-Fos阳性细胞率与单纯训练组大鼠相比有所下降(P<0.05);I4d组老年大鼠EGR-1阳性细胞率与单纯训练组大鼠相比有所下降(P<0.05).结论 麻醉可能会引起大鼠行为学改变,可持续至麻醉后2 d至2周;随着麻醉时程的延长和年龄的增加,改变更为明显,且异氟醚作用较丙泊酚显著.麻醉对大鼠海马CA1区c-Fos和EGR-1表达的影响可能是导致大鼠行为学改变的机制.     

电极放置位置对表面肌电信号特征的影响

目的:探讨不同电极放置位置对表面肌电(sEMG)信号特征的影响。方法:健康男性大学生14名,分别采用50%、70%和90%最大随意收缩力量(MVC)强度静态屈肘运动诱发肱二头肌疲劳,同步采集肱二头肌上三个不同电极位置上的sEMG信号,采用线性和非线性信号分析方法,计算线性指标平均肌电值(AEMG)和平均功率频率(MPF)以及非线性指标C(n)和DET%。结果:电极位置只对sEMG的四个测试指标的均值产生影响,对其变化斜率无明显影响,而四个指标的变化斜率中,除AEMG变化斜率对负荷强度无明显区分度外,其余三个指标对负荷强度均有良好区分度。结论:采用MPF、C(n)和DET%变化斜率作为评价局部肌肉疲劳的客观指标,既可以忽略电极放置位置对sEMG的影响,又对不同负荷强度有良好区分度。