脱细胞异体真皮在泌尿生殖疾病手术治疗中的应用

Humanacellular dermal matrix (HADM) is widely used in the field of burn wound repair and tissue engineering plastic surgery. HADM is manufactored by physical and chemical decellular process to remove the antigenic components that might cause immune rejection in dermis.The extracellular matrix of three-dimensional cell scaffold structure with collagen fibers had been used for wound repair and tissue regeneration, while HADM characterized with low absorption rate after implantation and strong ability to induce angiogenesis in host tissue. Studies reported that after the HADM was implanted into the patient, the host cells, such as fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, as well as lymphocytes, macrophages, granulocytes and mast cells, rapidly infiltrated the graft. The connective tissue and neovascularization were then formed within the HADM three-dimensional cell scaffold, the lymphatic system also appears after vascular reconstruction. Traditional urethral reconstruction using autologous skin flaps has some defects, such as complexity of the technology, risk of necrosis of the skin flaps after transplantation, and failure to achieve functional repair of the urethral epithelium. It has been reported that using HADM to reconstruct the urethra in patients with urethral stricture, hypospadias and bladder-vaginal fistula, showed promising results. Others have reported the experience of using HADM to repair and reconstruct congenital classic bladder exstrophy. HADM has also been used for tissue repair in patients with penile skin defect caused by Fonier’s gangrene and hidradenitis suppurativa, and implanted under Bucks’ fascia to enlarge the penis. The report of HADM implantation for treating premature ejaculation also deserves attention. Researchers found that HADM implantation can form a tissue barrier between the skin and corpus cavernosum, which can effectively reduce penile sensitivity and treat premature ejaculation. The safety and effectiveness of HADM implantation in the treatment of premature ejaculation need to be further standardized by data from multi-center, large-sample clinical studies. In summary, HADM is the extracellular matrix and three-dimensional cell scaffold of human dermis. As a new type of tissue repair material, new blood vessels are formed actively after implantation, which shows good histocompatibility. HADM has shown increasingly broad application prospects in treatment of genitourinary diseases including penis, urethra and bladder diseases. HADM has also been used in the treatment of premature ejaculation in recent clinical studies, and its long-term safety and efficacy need to be further investigated.     

Intraurethral Ultrasonography: Correlation of Urethral Anatomy with Functional Urodynamic Parameters in Stress Incontinent Women

To determine whether differences in functional urodynamic parameters can be explained by changes in urethral anatomy, 39 patients underwent intraurethral ultrasonography to obtain a 360° view of the urethra. The point of maximal rhabdosphincter thickness was identified in all patients. The thickness, circumference and area of the urethral smooth and skeletal muscle layers were calculated. Data from patient histories and urodynamic evaluations were compared with this anatomical survey. The urodynamic diagnoses were as follows: 10 patients were normal, 24 had genuine stress incontinence and 5 had intrinsic sphincter deficiency. These patients had decreasing rhabdosphincter thicknesses of 3.91, 3.35 and 2.70 mm (P= 0.048). A weak linear relationship was found between maximal urethral closure pressure and rhabdosphincter (r= 0.40, P= 0.013) and longitudinal smooth muscle (r= 0.35, P = 0.027) thickness. It was concluded that a loss of urethral resistance as measured by maximal urethral closure pressure is associated with changes in urethral anatomy identified by intraurethral ultrasonography.     

Giant Calculus in a Female Urethral Diverticulum

Urethral diverticula with calculi are rare. This 5 × 6 cm calculus presented in a patient with recurrent urinary tract infections. Local excision was effective.     

盐酸达克罗宁胶浆在尿道局部麻醉中的临床应用

目的 观察盐酸达克罗宁胶浆在尿道局部麻醉中的临床应用效果.方法 将重庆三峡中心医院2011年8月至2012年4月行膀胱镜检的男性患者400例完全随机分为观察组和对照组,各200例.观察组于术前尿道内灌注涂抹盐酸达克罗宁胶浆,达克罗宁润滑镜鞘;对照组于术前尿道内灌注涂抹利多卡因注射液,石蜡油润滑镜鞘;观察2组的疼痛差异、不良反应发生情况.结果 观察组的麻醉有效率为93％(186/200),明显高于对照组[80％ (160/200)],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);2组患者均无严重不良反应发生.结论 盐酸达克罗宁胶浆可安全地用于尿道局部麻醉且麻醉作用强,润滑效果好,是术前尿道麻醉的理想用药.     

Deferred endoscopic urethral realignment: Role in management of traumatic posterior urethral disruption

ObjectivesThe aim of our study is to assess the value of deferred endoscopic urethral realignment after traumatic posterior urethral disruption.Patients and methodsBetween June 2001 and August 2011, we evaluated 28 patients who presented 3–6 weeks (mean 27 ± 6 days) after experiencing traumatic posterior urethral disruptions and pelvic fractures; immediate and early realignment were overdue in these cases. Patient variables included mode of presentation, mechanism of trauma, type of pelvic fracture, and Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). Under fluoroscopic guidance, a guidewire was passed into the injured urethral segment from the distal to proximal injured ends using a long Chiba needle, and realignment was performed using endoscopic urethrotomy. The follow-up period ranged from 18 to 98 months (mean 43 ± 22.5 months).ResultsAfter the procedure, 46% of patients were stricture free. After one visual internal urethrotomy (VIU) and two VIU's, 60% and 64% of patients were stricture free. No cases of post-procedural incontinence occurred, and impotence was reported in only 14% of patients. Type of pelvic fracture was the only variable that significantly affected the success rate, where the success rate decreased from 100% in stable pelvic fracture to 25% in bilateral rotationally and vertically unstable pelvic fracture.ConclusionWhen early realignment is postponed for any reason, deferred endoscopic realignment is considered an adequate substitute because urethral continuity can be achieved in a group of patients without increase incidence of impotence and incontinence.     

Treatment of Urethral Stricture Disease by Internal Urethrotomy,Dilation, or Stenting

Management of urethral strictures depends on the characteristics of each individual case and remains a great challenge in reconstructive urology. Treatment of anterior urethral strictures usually starts with minimally invasive procedures, such as urethral dilatation or internal urethrotomy. The popularity of these methods is based on the simple application, the low complication rate, and the fact that most general urologists do not perform open urethroplasty. These methods offer faster recovery, minimal scarring, and fewer infections, although recurrence is always possible. Success depends on adequate vascularity within the underlying spongiosal tissue, which may substantially increase the failure rate. Because the recurrence rate has remained higher than it was in past decades, various modifications of urethral stricture treatment have been suggested, including laser urethrotomy and urethral stents. Since the late 1980s, two different approaches have been studied to prevent scaring contraction: permanent stent versus temporary stents left indwelling for a limited time and then removed. Although the first reports seemed to promise excellent outcomes, longer follow-up began to cast doubt on the usefulness of urethral stenting as a primary treatment modality for urethral stricture disease. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the published literature with respect to any new information on minimally invasive procedures in the treatment of urethral strictures.Patient summaryThe optimal indications for dilatation or internal urethrotomy are simple bulbar strictures <2 cm without spongiofibrosis or history of previous treatment. Recurrent urethral strictures after repeated interventions are usually more complex and can render the definite open urethral surgery more difficult.     

Management of panurethral strictures

IntroductionPan-urethral stricture, involving the penile and bulbar urethra, is a common urological problem on the South Asian subcontinent. It represents a particularly difficult challenge to manage and there is a relative paucity of literature on the subject. In India, Lichen Sclerosus (LS) is the most common cause of pan-urethral stricture, followed by iatrogenic causes.2 stage surgery is not scientific in lichen sclerosus as this is a disease of genital skin. We present our experience of pan-urethral stricture repair using a single-stage, one-sided dissection, dorsal onlay repair with oral mucosa graft.Subjects and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed the records of 318 consecutive men undergoing management of pan-urethral stricture from June 1995 to December 2014. The median age was 44.6 years and the mean stricture length 14 cm. The median follow-up was 59 months. The strictures were approached through a perineal incision, limiting dissection to only one side of the urethra. The penis was invaginated to provide access to the entire length of anterior urethra in a single-stage, and two oral mucosal grafts were dorsally placed.ResultsThe outcome was considered a success if the patient needed no further instrumentation, including dilation or urethrotomy. The overall success rate was 84.90%, with a success rate of 89.39% in primary urethroplasty, and 57.85% in patients who had previous failed urethroplasty. Most recurrent strictures occurred at the proximal end of the graft.ConclusionsRepair of pan-urethral stricture in a single-stage, with one-sided dissection and dorsal onlay of oral mucosa, is a minimally invasive technique that is simple, fast, safe, effective and reproducible in the hand of any surgeon.     

绝经后妇女尿道综合征雌激素补充治疗的临床研究

目的：提高对绝经后妇女道综合征的认识和诊治水平。方法：通过对626例女性尿道综合征患者选用抗生素治疗无效后给予尼尔雌醇2mg/2周口服治疗,对其效果进行观察对比。结果：特别显著143例（2周）,显蓍6例（4周）,明显55例（6例）,一般2例（8周）。总有效率100％,无一例并发症发生。结论：绝经后妇女尿道综合征给予尼尔雌醇1－2mg/2周补充治疗有效,安全、可靠。