声门下气管狭窄患者Montgomery T管植入术的麻醉管理

目的:探讨声门下气管狭窄患者行Montgomery T管植入术的麻醉管理。方法:回顾并分析20例因"声门下气管狭窄"行Montgomery T管植入术患者的一般情况、临床特征、麻醉方法、手术操作及术后恢复等资料。结果:狭窄原因:气管插管12例,颈部气管外伤4例,气管内外肿瘤等3例。狭窄程度:Myer-Cotton分级Ⅰ级1例,Ⅱ级3例,Ⅲ级9例,Ⅳ级7例;9例患者术前气管镜检查显示气管塌陷。所有病例术前行气管切开,术中经硬镜操作,采用全凭静脉麻醉,麻醉过程平稳,麻醉通气方式转换顺利。术后出现咳嗽(80%)、咽痛(45%)、发热(45%)、排痰困难(40%)、呼吸困难(25%)、感染(10%)、气道梗阻(5%)和误吸(5%)等并发症,经积极处理均可改善。结论:声门下气道狭窄行Montgomery T管植入术时,全凭静脉麻醉能够维持稳定的麻醉深度和循环;根据手术步骤转换气管切开管、T管、喉罩控制通气或高频通气可保证氧气供应;围术期密切沟通、积极处理术后并发症有利于手术安全和患者康复。     

Global Capnography Project (GCAP): implementation of capnography in Malawi – an international anaesthesia quality improvement project

The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery emphasised the importance of access to safe anaesthesia care. Capnography is an essential monitor for safe anaesthesia, but is rarely available in low-income countries. The aim of this study was twofold: to measure the prevalence of capnography in the operating theatres and in intensive care units; and to determine whether its introduction was feasible and could improve the early recognition of critical airway incidents in a low-income country. This is the first project to do this. Forty capnographs were donated to eight hospitals in Malawi. Thirty-two anaesthesia providers received a 1-day capnography training course with pre- and post-course knowledge testing. Providers kept logbooks of capnography use and recorded their responses to abnormal readings. On follow-up at 6 months, providers completed questionnaires on any significant patient safety incidents identified using capnography. In January 2017, at the commencement of the project, only one operating theatre had a capnograph. Overall, 97% and 100% ‘capnography gaps’ were identified in the theatres and intensive care units, respectively. The mean (SD) scores of our capnography multiple choice questionnaires improved after training from 15.00 (3.16) to 18.70 (0.99), p = < 0.001. The capnography equipment was appropriately robust and performed well. Six months following implementation, 24 (77%) anaesthesia providers reported recognising 44 oesophageal intubations and 28 (90%) believed that capnography had saved lives. This study has shown it is feasible to introduce capnography in a low-income country, resulting in early recognition of critical airway incidents and ultimately helping to save lives. Building on the experience of the first trial of pulse oximetry implementation in low-income countries in 2007, we believe this is one of the most important projects in anaesthesia safety in the last decade.     

气管插管模型在非麻醉专业规培中的应用分析

目的观察气管插管模型在非麻醉专业规范化培训医师气道管理中的应用效果。方法选择2018年4月—2019年1月在本院麻醉科进行住院医师规范化培训的轮训医师40名作为研究对象。将其随机分为模型教学组及对照组,对照组进行理论培训,模型教学组在理论培训后进行模型操作练习,正常临床轮训后进行出科理论及操作考核。结果模型教学组掌握面罩通气技术需要的临床操作次数相比对照组更少,并能更快第一次成功完成临床气管插管(P<0.05)。对麻醉科轮训的满意度更高,出科考核理论成绩以及气管插管操作分数平均值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论麻醉科应常规对非麻醉专业规范化培训医师进行气管插管模型培训。     

The Effect of Cold Vapor and Ice Cube Absorption in the Early Postoperative Period on Sore Throat and Hoarseness Induced by Intubation

PurposeThis study aimed to determine the effect of cold vapor and ice cube absorption in the early postoperative period on sore throat and hoarseness induced by intubation.DesignThis is a randomized controlled experimental study.MethodsFour groups (n = 30) were involved in the study: cold vapor application (group 1), ice cube absorption (group 2), ice cube absorption along with cold vapor application (group 3), and a control group (group 4). The sample consisted of 120 participants. The data were collected using the visual analog scale (VAS) and Stout's hoarseness scale postextubation (zeroth hour) and at the second, sixth, and 24th hours.FindingsAfter the interventions, the mean VAS scores for sore throat at the sixth postoperative hour were found to be 1.50 ± 1.71, 1.16 ± 1.08, and 1.30 ± 1.62 in group 1, group 2, and group 3, respectively. The mean VAS score for sore throat of group 4 was found to be 3.70 ± 1.89. The decrease in the VAS score for the sixth postoperative hour was ranked from highest to lowest as follows: ice cube absorption group, ice cube absorption along with cold vapor application group, and cold vapor application group. There was no significant difference between application groups in terms of mean VAS scores; however, it was found that mean VAS scores of all application groups were lower than that of control group, and there was a significant difference between them (P < .05). We found that at the sixth postoperative hour after intervention, 33.3% of group 1, 36.7% of group 2, 30% of group 3, and 46.7% of group 4 had hoarseness. No significant difference was found between groups, in terms of hoarseness scores of patients in the sixth postoperative hour after intervention (P > .05).ConclusionsCold vapor application, ice cube absorption, and ice cube absorption along with cold vapor application were effective in reducing sore throat but were ineffective as treatment for hoarseness.     

The effect of saline versus air for cuff inflation on the incidence of high intra-cuff pressure in paediatric MicroCuff® tracheal tubes: a randomised controlled trial

The use of cuffed tracheal tubes in paediatric anaesthesia is now common. The use of nitrous oxide in anaesthesia risks excessive tracheal tube cuff pressures, as nitrous oxide can diffuse into the cuff during the course of surgery. The aim of this single-centre, prospective, randomised controlled trial was to compare the effect of saline versus air for the inflation of tracheal tube cuffs on the incidence of excessive intra-operative cuff pressure in children undergoing balanced anaesthesia with nitrous oxide. Children (age ≤ 16 y) were randomly allocated to receive either saline (saline group) or air (air group) to inflate the cuff of their tracheal tube. The pressure in the tracheal tube cuff was measured during surgery and brought down to the initial inflation level if it breached a safe limit (25 cmH₂O). Post-extubation adverse respiratory events were noted. Data from 48 patients (24 in each group), aged 4 months to 16 y, were analysed. The requirement for reduction in intra-cuff pressure occurred in 1/24 patients in the saline group, compared with 16/24 patients in the air group (p < 0.001). The incidence of extubation-related adverse events was similar in the saline and air groups (15/24 vs. 13/24, respectively; p = 0.770). The use of saline to inflate the cuff of paediatric cuffed tubes reduces the incidence of high intra-cuff pressures during anaesthesia. This may provide a pragmatic extra safety barrier to help reduce the incidence of excessive tracheal cuff pressure when nitrous oxide is used during paediatric anaesthesia.     

经口气管插管固定方法的应用进展

<正>随着医疗设备的研发,呼吸机功能不断完善,机械通气已成为临床抢救治疗危急重症患者的重要手段,而气管插管是机械通气人工气道的首选方法[1]。经口气管插管具有管腔内径较大,气阻力较小,吸痰较容易等优点[2],是建立人工气道最快捷的方法。牢固固定气管插管是保证机械通气的重要环节,如发生脱管或导管移位等意外,可引起呼吸困难、急性缺氧、窒息等严重后果,甚至危及患者的生命。现将经口气管插管固定方法的应用进展综述如下。     

Tracheal injury complicating Sistrunk's thyroglossal cyst surgery

IntroductionAirway injury is a very rare complication of thyroglossal duct cyst surgery in children. The wound is most frequently located at the larynx, due to a confusion between the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage.ObservationThis is the first report of a tracheal injury complicating Sistrunk's procedure in a 3 year old child, revealed by respiratory distress. Conservative treatment was suggested, requiring a tracheostomy lasting 49 days, leading to decanulation and complete anatomical and functional recovery.ConclusionThis report highlights the specificity of pediatric laryngotracheal anatomy.     

Preventing and Treating Hypoxia: Using a Physiology Simulator to Demonstrate the Value of Pre-Oxygenation and the Futility of Hyperventilation

Introduction: Insufficient pre-oxygenation before emergency intubation, and hyperventilation after intubation are mistakes that are frequently observed in and outside the operating room, in clinical practice and in simulation exercises. Physiological parameters, as appearing on standard patient monitors, do not alert to the deleterious effects of low oxygen saturation on coronary perfusion, or that of low carbon dioxide concentrations on cerebral perfusion. We suggest the use of HumMod, a computer-based human physiology simulator, to demonstrate beneficial physiological responses to pre-oxygenation and the futility of excessive minute ventilation after intubation.Methods: We programmed HumMod, to A.) compare varying times (0-7 minutes) of pre-oxygenation on oxygen saturation (SpO₂) during subsequent apnoea; B.) simulate hyperventilation after apnoea. We compared the effect of different minute ventilation rates on SpO₂, acid-base status, cerebral perfusion and other haemodynamic parameters.Results: A.) With no pre-oxygenation, starting SpO₂ dropped from 98% to 90% in 52 seconds with apnoea. At the other extreme, following full pre-oxygenation with 100% O₂ for 3 minutes or more, the SpO₂ remained 100% for 7.75 minutes during apnoea, and dropped to 90% after another 75 seconds. B.) Hyperventilation, did not result in more rapid normalization of SpO₂, irrespective of the level of minute ventilation. However, hyperventilation did cause significant decreases in cerebral blood flow (CBF).Conclusions: HumMod accurately simulates the physiological responses compared to published human studies of pre-oxygenation and varying post intubation minute ventilations, and it can be used over wider ranges of parameters than available in human studies and therefore available in the literature.