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101.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the time course of skeletal muscle adaptations resulting from high-intensity,
upper and lower body dynamic resistance training (WT). A group of 17 men and 20 women were recruited for WT, and 6 men and
7 women served as a control group. The WT group performed six dynamic resistance exercises to fatigue using 8–12 repetition
maximum (RM). The subjects trained 3 days a week for 12 weeks. One-RM knee extension (KE) and chest press (CP) exercises were
measured at baseline and at weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 for the WT group. Muscle thickness (MTH) was measured by ultrasound at
eight anatomical sites. One-RM CP and KE strength had increased significantly at week 4 for the female WT group. For the men
in the WT group, 1 RM had increased significantly at week 2 for KE and at week 6 for CP. The mean relative increases in KE
and CP strength were 19% and 19% for the men and 19% and 27% for the women, respectively, after 12 weeks of WT. Resistance
training elicited a significant increase in MTH of the chest and triceps muscles at week 6 in both sexes. There were non-significant
trends for increases in quadriceps MTH for the WT groups. The relative increases in upper and lower body MTH were 12%–21%
and 7%–9% in the men and 10%–31% and 7%–8% in the women respectively, after 12 weeks of WT. These results would suggest that
increases in MTH in the upper body are greater and occur earlier compared to the lower extremity, during the first 12 weeks
of a total body WT programme. The time-course and proportions of the increase in strength and MTH were similar for both the
men and the women.
Accepted: 6 September 1999 相似文献
102.
Satoshi Muraki Masahiro Yamasaki Kojiro Ishii Kunio Kikuchi Kunihiro Seki 《European journal of applied physiology》1996,72(4):330-334
The purposes of the present study were to examine the response of the skin blood flux (SBF) in the paralyzed lower limbs of persons with spinal cord injury (PSCI) and to clarify the relationship between the SBF and core temperature during prolonged arm exercise. Eight male PSCI with lesions from T6 to L5 and six male control subjects (CS) participated in this study. The subjects rested for 60 min and then performed arm-cranking exercise at 20 W for 30 min at 25 °C. The tympanic membrane temperature (T
ty) and SBF in the anterior thigh (SBFT) and in the posterior calf (SBFC) were continuously measured throughout the experiment. The SBFC did not change in either PSCI or CS during the experiment. The SBFT in four PSCI with high lesions (T6 to T12), remained unchanged during exercise. The SBFT in the other four PSCI with low lesions (T12 to L5, SBFT+) began to elevate markedly when the T t, exceeded a threshold temperature of 36.69 °C. The pattern of increase of SBFT in SBFT+ was similar to that in CS, although onset of the increase in SBFT was delayed and the peak of SBFT during exercise was significantly lower in comparison with the CS. We consider that these differences between the SBFT+ and CS were largely attributable to the lowerT
ty in the former group, which took a prolonged time to reach the threshold of 36.69 °C. 相似文献
103.
Zheng-Lin Jiang Hisao Yamaguchi Akira Takahashi Shingo Tanabe Noboru Utsuyama Toshitaka Ikehara Keiko Hosokawa Hiroyuki Tanaka Yohsuke Kinouchi Hiroshi Miyamoto 《European journal of applied physiology》1995,70(3):234-239
Cerebral blood volume flow and flow velocity have been reported to increase during dynamic exercise, but whether the two increase in parallel and whether both increases occur as functions of exercise intensity remain unsettled. In this study, blood flow velocity in the common carotid artery was measured using the Doppler ultrasound method in eight healthy male students during graded treadmill exercise. The exercise consisted of stepwise progressive increases and decreases in exercise intensity. The peak intensity corresponded to approximately 85% of maximal oxygen consumption. During this exercise, the heart rate (f
c), mean blood pressure (BP) in the brachial artery and mean blood flow velocity (cc) in the common carotid artery increased as functions of exercise intensity. At the peak exercise intensity, (f
c), BP and cc increased by 134.5%, 20.5% and 51.8% over the control levels before exercise (P < 0.01), respectively. The resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) were determined from the velocity profile and were expected to reflect the distal cerebral blood flow resistance. The RI and PI increased during the graded exercise, but tended to decrease at the highest levels of exercise intensity. As cc increased with increases in exercise intensity it would be expected that cerebral blood flow would also increase at these higher intensities. It is also suggested that blood flow velocity in the cerebral artery does not proportionately reflect the cerebral blood flow during dynamic exercise, since the cerebral blood flow resistance changes. 相似文献
104.
Bareket Falk Ruth Burstein Isaack Ashkenazi Ofer Spilberg Jacob Alter Ester Zylber-Katz Ardon Rubinstein Nava Bashan Yair Shapiro 《European journal of applied physiology》1989,59(3):168-173
Summary The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of caffeine ingestion on physical performance after prolonged endurance
exercise. Twenty three trained male volunteers participated in a 40-km march and were divided into two groups, matched for
caffeine clearance rate and aerobic capacity. The experimental group ingested, prior to the march, a caffeinated drink at
a dose of 5 mg·kg−1 body mass and at the 3rd and 5th h of marching an additional drink at a dose of 2.5 mg·kg−1 body mass. The control group ingested a drink of equal volume at the same times. Upon termination of the march each subject
performed a cycle ergometer test at an intensity of 90% maximal oxygen consumption. Time to exhaustion and rate of perceived
exertion (RPE) were recorded. Blood samples were drawn predrink, at the 3rd and 5th h of marching and immediately after the
cycle ergometer test, and were analysed for caffeine, free fatty acids (FFA), lactate and glucose levels. Plasma FFA levels
increased during the march (p<0.05), with no significant difference between groups. Lactate levels increased in the experimental group (p<0.05), with no significant change in the control group. Glucose levels did not change significantly in either group. After
the cycle ergometer test, lactate levels were significantly higher in the experimental, as compared to the control group (3.77±0.33
vs 2.52±0.35 mmol·l−1, respectively). There was no significant difference between treatments in the time to exhaustion on the cycle ergometer,
but RPE was different (p<0.05). Under the conditions of this study, the results do not indicate caffeine ingestion as an ergogenic aid which will
postpone exhaustion following prolonged endurance exercise.
This work was presented, in part, at the Canadian Association of Sports Sciences Annual Meeting, October 1987, Lake Louise,
Alberta, Canada 相似文献
105.
Priscilla M. Clarkson Paul Litchfield James Graves John Kirwan William C. Byrnes 《European journal of applied physiology》1985,53(4):368-371
Summary The purpose of this study was to 1) compare serum creatine kinase (CK) activity following two forearm flexion isometric exercise regimens differing in work to rest ratio, and 2) examine the CK response to a repeated bout of isometric exercise. Eleven males were tested on two sessions (bouts) spaced 1 week apart. For bout 1, five subjects (group A) performed a forearm flexion isometric exercise consisting of 40 10-s maximal contractions with 20-s inter-trial rests (1020), while six (group B) performed 40 maximal 10-s contractions with 5-s inter-trial rests (105). The increase in serum CK activity following the 1020 exercise (143%) was significantly greater than that following the 105 exercise (52%). The 1020 exercise was also associated with greater tension generation over trials. One week later, both groups performed a bout of 1020 exercise. A substantial reduction in the serum CK response was found following this second bout. The data suggest that for bout 1 the isometric exercise associated with the greater overall tension levels resulted in the greater CK response. However, when the 1020 exercise was repeated 1 week later, a substantial reduction in the CK response was found which was unrelated to the tension generated.This study was supported by a University Faculty Research Grant No. 2-03021 相似文献
106.
The hormonal responses of nine male, strength athletes to strength exercise were examined. The athletes performed one moderate-
and one high-intensity strength exercise workout. In the high-intensity workout, the load was 100% of each subject's three-repetition
maximum (3-RM) for squats and front squats, and 100% of each subject's six-repetition maximum (6-RM) for leg extensions. In
the moderate-intensity workout, the load was 70% of the high-intensity protocol. Rest periods between sets were 4–6 min for
both workouts. Blood samples were taken before, 30 min into, and every 15 min for the 1st h after exercise, and then 3, 7,
11, 22 and 33 h after exercise, thus allowing examination of both the acute and prolonged hormonal responses. Blood samples
were analyzed for testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), cortisol, adrenocorticotrophic
hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), insulin, sex hormone binding globulin, creatine kinase,
total protein, glucose and lactate. The acute responses of testosterone and cortisol were greater during the high-intensity
protocol as compared to the moderate-intensity protocol. The cortisol response was associated with an increase in ACTH concentration.
LH and FSH showed no response to either protocol. Acute GH responses were not different between protocols. There were great
inter-individual differences in acute GH responses to both protocols. There were no significant differences between protocols
with regard to prolonged responses for any hormone. In both trials, IGF-1 concentrations were significantly lower at 0800 hours
the morning after exercise as compared to concentrations found at 0800 hours the morning before exercise. The mechanisms responsible
for reducing IGF-1 concentration in these trials are unclear, and it is not known if this reduction observed 22 hours after
exercise is of physiological significance.
Accepted: 13 December 1999 相似文献
107.
To determine vasodilatory responsiveness we measured forearm blood flow (FBF) following reactive hyperemia (RH), prior to
and following a bout of maximal aerobic exercise in endurance- (n=14) and resistance-trained men (n=10). Both groups were similar in height, body mass, and percentage body fat. Using strain-gauge plethysmography, resting
FBF was higher in the resistance-trained group [4.82 (0.84) vs 3.33 (1.17) ml min−1 100 ml−1 of tissue; P<0.05]. However, the resistance-trained group had a 17%–29% lower pre-exercise FBF response to RH for the first 45 s (P<0.05). Following the maximal exercise bout there were no group differences in FBF. Post-exercise FBF was higher compared
to pre-exercise values in both the endurance- (P<0.001) and resistance- (P<0.01) trained groups. Endurance-trained men appear to have a greater peak vasodilatory capacity compared to resistance-trained
men, and acute maximal exercise increased the vasodilatory capacity in both groups. Acute exercise also equalized the peak
vasodilatory response between the endurance- and resistance-trained groups, suggesting the potential for flow-mediated vasodilatation
was similar for both groups.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
108.
In an effort to assess the effect of ambient temperature on the gross efficiency (Effg) of step exercise 12 subjects performed a modified step test either at —15 °C or 21°C ascending to three different heights (corresponding to light, moderate and heavy work), for 20 min each with a frequency of 18 steps min-1. Heart rate (HR), rectal temperature, skin temperatures and heat flux from skin were continuously measured. Oxygen consumption was measured during the last 5 min of each step height and perceptions of thermal sensation were recorded. The results indicate that, while using conventional clothing adequate in these temperatures, Effg is altered in a contradictory manner. At —15°C Effg increased with increasing work load, whereas at 21°C it decreased when the work load increased. The highest Effg (heavy work at —15°C and light work at 21°C) values are reflected as rather similar rectal temperatures (37.4–37.7°C) and identical mean skin temperatures (32.8 °C) as well as the same (slightly warm) thermal sensation of the legs. At — 15 °C the lowest Effg in light work was probably hue to the need to warm up the muscles. At 21°C, on the contrary, the activation of heat dissipation systems was probably responsible for the lowest Effg in heavy work. 相似文献
109.
Castellani JW Armstrong LE Kenefick RW Pasqualicchio AA Riebe D Gabaree CL Maresh CM 《European journal of applied physiology》2001,84(1-2):42-47
It is yet unknown how upper body exercise combined with high ambient temperatures affects plasma testosterone and cortisol
concentrations and furthermore, how these hormones respond to exercise in people suffering spinal cord injuries. The purpose
of this study was to characterize plasma testosterone and cortisol responses to upper body exercise in wheelchair athletes
(WA) compared to able-bodied individuals (AB) at two ambient temperatures. Four WA [mean age 36 (SEM 13) years, mean body
mass 66.9 (SEM 11.8) kg, injury level T7–T11], matched with five AB [mean age 33.4 (SEM 8.9) years, mean body mass 72.5 (SEM 13.1) kg] exercised (cross-over design) for
20 min on a wheelchair ergometer (0.03 kg resistance · kg−1 body mass) at 25 °C and 32 °C. Blood samples were obtained before (PRE), at min 10 (MID), and min 20 (END) of exercise. No
differences were found between results obtained at 25 °C and 32 °C for any physiological variable studied and therefore these
data were combined. Pre-exercise testosterone concentration was lower (P < 0.05) in WA [18.3 (SEM 0.9) nmol · l−1] compared to AB [21.9 (SEM 3.6) nmol · l−1], and increased PRE to END only in WA. Cortisol concentrations were similar between groups before and during exercise, despite
higher rectal temperatures in WA compared to AB, at MID [37.21 (SEM 0.14) and 37.02 (SEM 0.08)°C, respectively] and END
[37.36 (SEM 0.16) and 37.19 (SEM 0.10)°C, respectively]. Plasma norepinephrine responses were similar between groups. In conclusion,
there were no differences in plasma cortisol concentrations, which may have been due to the low relative exercise intensities
employed. The greater exercise response in WA for plasma testosterone should be confirmed on a larger population. It could
have been the result of the lower plasma testosterone concentrations at rest in our group.
Accepted: 4 September 2000 相似文献
110.
H. Pekkarinen H. Tukiainen H. Litmanen J. Huttunen T. Karstu E. Länsimies 《European journal of applied physiology》1989,58(8):821-825
Summary In order to understand more fully the effect on pulmonary function of whole body exposure to cold during submaximal exercise,
we measured pulmonary function indices in ten healthy male students and ten healthy male forestry workers of similar age following
submaximal treadmill walking at different temperatures in a climatic chamber. After measuring the maximal aerobic capacity
with a cycle ergometer test, the subjects had to walk on four separate occasions in the climatic chamber at an intensity of
70%–75% of their individual maximal heart rate; the first at normal room temperature and then randomly, either at 0°C or at
−20°C, and vice versa. The duration of each walk was 8 min. Finally, each subject had to walk in the chamber at −20° C for
17 min. Flow volume spirometry was performed at room temperature 1, 5, 10, and 20 min after exercise and the values were compared
to baseline values taken prior to the last walking test. There were only minor changes in pulmonary function indices following
exercise at different temperatures. Only one student showed a reduction of over 15% in peak expiratory flow rate after an
8-min walk at −20° C. It seems that submaximal exercise of short duration, even at a temperature as low as −20° C, does not
impair pulmonary function in healthy young men. 相似文献