福建医科大学161名毕业生总体幸福感和应付方式

目的　了解医科毕业生的总体幸福感和应付方式 ,为进一步开展医科大学毕业生心理健康教育提供理论依据。方法　以总体幸福感量表 (GWB)和应付方式问卷对在校毕业生 1 61名进行自评调查。结果　本、专科毕业生在总体幸福感及应付方式各因子分上差异均无显著性 ,逐步回归分析中自责、解决问题和幻想进入了回归方程 ,对总体幸福感的影响较为明显 ;45 .0 %的学生对自身存在的不同程度的心理问题感到需要帮助 ,8.7%的学生感到将要精神崩溃。结论　毕业生基本形成较成熟的应付方式 ,应加强对毕业生就业的心理指导 ,使其能更好地适应毕业分配应激     

嘉兴市农村小学生伤害流行病学调查

目的了解农村小学生伤害发生原因及其流行病学特征,为预防农村小学生伤害的健康促进提供方向和指导依据。方法采用整群抽样的方法,运用统一设计的调查问卷,对嘉兴市3 385名农村小学生进行伤害流行病学调查。结果嘉兴市农村小学生伤害发生率为24.38%,居前3位的是跌伤、动物咬伤、运动创伤,其发生率分别为31.2%,10.8%和9.6%。伤害发生原因有25种,居前3位是玩耍、运动、骑车,分别占19.2%,19.1%和11.2%;伤害程度中,中、重度伤占20.3%;平均每位学生每年因伤害支出的医疗费用为25.49元。结论嘉兴市农村小学生伤害发生是多因素的,要采取多部门合作的综合防治措施进行预防。     

我国6城市中小学教职工烟草与健康的知信行调查

目的了解中小学教职工烟草与健康相关知识、信念及行为现状,为有效开展学校控烟健康教育提供依据。方法对北京、上海、天津、深圳、濮阳、长沙随机抽取的29所中小学教职工进行统一问卷调查。结果只有66.63%的教职工正确回答了10项及以上问题,但知晓烟草主要危害成分的教职工只有29.54%。教职工的正确信念持有率只有20.26%,50%左右的教职工认为“吸烟有助于社交”、“吸烟是个人自由,他人不应该干涉”。教职工吸烟率为14.81%,男教职工为47.39%;35岁及以上教职工、文化程度较低者以及中学教职工吸烟率显著较高。92.01%的教职工认为有必要在学校开展预防吸烟教育活动;55.46%的教职工认为在教学中结合有关吸烟与健康的内容存在困难,主要原因是由于缺乏材料或指导;仅有24.31%的授课教师在教学中提及烟草与健康相关内容。结论应对教师进行控烟知识科普教育和技能指导,改善学校的社会环境和人文环境。     

高等学校不同经营类型食堂饮食卫生状况

目的了解和掌握高等学校内不同经营类型食堂的饮食卫生管理状况,为进一步做好高校饮食卫生管理提供对策。方法对高校分别由学校经营、承租经营和个体经营的15个食堂或餐厅、40名从业人员进行现场检查和评分,并对检查结果进行综合分析。结果不同经营类型的食堂饮食卫生状况差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同经营类型食堂从业人员的卫生状况差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同经营类型的食堂饮食卫生管理的各监督环节平均得分不同。结论高校内学校经营管理的食堂卫生管理较好,承租、个体经营的餐厅或食堂在饮食卫生管理方面存在较多的安全隐患。     

A Rapid Review of the Factors Affecting Healthcare Students' Satisfaction with Small-Group,Active Learning Methods

Phenomenon: Problem-based learning (PBL) and other small-group, active learning methodologies have been widely adopted into undergraduate and postgraduate healthcare curricula across the world. Although much research has examined student perceptions of these innovative teaching pedagogies, there are still questions over which factors influence these views. This article aims to identify these key elements that affect healthcare student satisfaction with PBL and other small-group learning methods, including case-based and team-based learning. Approach: A systematic rapid review method was used to identify high-quality original research papers from the healthcare education literature from between 2009 and 2014. All papers were critically appraised before inclusion in line with published guidelines. Narrative synthesis was achieved using an inductively developed, thematic framework approach. Findings: Fifty-four papers were included in the narrative synthesis. The evidence suggests that, despite an initial period of negative emotion and anxiety, the perspectives of healthcare students toward small-group, active learning methods are generally positive. The key factors influencing this satisfaction level include (a) the facilitator role, (b) tutorial structure, (c) individual student factors, (d) case authenticity, (e) increased feedback, (f) group harmony, and (g) resource availability. Insights: Student satisfaction is an important determinant of healthcare education quality, and the findings of this review may be of value in future curriculum design. The evidence described here suggests that an ideal curriculum may be based on an expert-led, hybrid PBL model.     

大学生社会适应行为：一项群体访谈研究

目的了解大学生所认可的社会适应行为。方法对105名（男58名,女47名）大学生组成的20个焦点群体访谈小组进行深入访谈。结果针对访谈中大学生提名的社会适应行为,又通过专家讨论、评价和分类编码,最终得到30种社会适应行为类型。结论大学生社会适应行为意识较强;社会适应行为具有层次性;社会适应行为是性别角色意识的外显化。     

Enhancing the clinical reflective capacities of nursing students

The purpose of clinical practicums is to help nursing students learn from real clinical experiences. In clinical settings, nursing instructors set-aside time at the end of each clinical day for reflective, debriefing discussions that are designed to draw the students' attention to relevant information and help them understand their beliefs and experiences. The students' competence and decision-making skills are enhanced when they are able to reflect on critical incidents or everyday practice events. It is sometimes difficult, however, for instructors to engage students meaningfully in discussions and promote reflection when students are fatigued. In this article, I argue that it is possible to refresh, support, and inspire undergraduate nursing students by engaging them in an activity designed to distract them and occupy their conscious attention, so that their more divergent and less accessible ideas are allowed to surface. Less accessible ideas are associated with the default network; regions in the brain that are most active when the brain is allowed to rest and wander. Congruent with the middle range theory of comfort, a distracting activity will provide comfort to students who are fatigued and/or distressed, and at the same time, will enhance their reflective capacities. A distracting activity that is enjoyable, not too demanding, and can be sustained for more than just a few minutes works best for idea generation and reflection.