改良软通道微创穿刺引流治疗基底节血肿的临床体会

目的：探讨改良软通道微创穿刺引流治疗基底节血肿的临床效果。方法选择2011年2月~2014年2月本院收治的基底节血肿患者52例,采用改良软通道微创穿刺引流技术进行治疗,手术后7 d采用格拉斯哥昏迷量表（GCS）评估患者的意识水平,手术后14 d采用斯堪的纳维亚卒中量表（SSS）对神经功能进行评分。结果52例患者中,完全恢复26例,生活基本自理22例,中转开颅4例,无一例死亡。术后7 d GCS评分与治疗前比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,术后14 d GCS评分与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。术后14 d及28 d SSS评分与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。结论改良软通道微创穿刺引流治疗基底节血肿有效,操作相对简单,适宜在临床推广。     

鼓膜穿刺联合地塞米松鼓室注射治疗分泌性中耳炎的临床分析

目的分析鼓膜穿刺联合地塞米松鼓室注射治疗分泌性中耳炎的临床效果。方法选取2012年8月~2013年9月在本院诊治的分泌性中耳炎患者86例,将其随机分为研究组和对照组,对照组采用鼓膜穿刺治疗,研究组在此基础上联合地塞米松鼓室注射治疗,分析两组患者的临床疗效。结果研究组总有效率为93.02%,明显高于对照组的69.77%,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论鼓膜穿刺联合地塞米松鼓室注射治疗分泌性中耳炎,疗效显著,值得临床推广应用。     

2011—2013年312例医院抗感染类药物不良反应分析

目的分析抗感染类药物的不良反应与药物种类和给药途径的关系,为临床抗感染类药物的安全使用提供参考。方法回顾性分析2011—2013年右江民族医学院附属医院发生抗感染类药物不良反应患者312例,统计药物不良反应的主要类型,并分析患者发生不良反应与药物的种类和给药途径的关系。结果临床患者抗感染药物不良反应的类型主要为皮肤损害症状、消化系统症状以及神经系统症状,发生率分别为50.96%、20.83%、9.94%;发生不良反应的抗感染类药物前3位为头孢菌素类、喹诺酮类和复方类,发生率分别为32.37%、18.27%、14.42%;发生不良反应前3种途径分别为静滴、口服、肌注,其发生率分别为86.22%、10.90%、2.24%。结论在临床进行抗感染治疗时,应充分了解药物的不良反应,选择恰当用药方式,医护工作者应密切关注患者情况,防止不良反应的发生。     

微创血肿及脑室穿刺体外引流治疗丘脑出血的临床研究

目的：探讨血肿穿刺加脑室外引流治疗丘脑出血伴破入脑室的疗效。方法：笔者对所在医院2011年10月-2014年1月收治的43例丘脑出血患者采用微创软通道血肿及脑室穿刺体外引流治疗方法和疗效进行回顾性分析。根据日常生活活动能力量表（Barthel指数）的评价标准对术后疗效进行评估。结果：95%的患者在5 d内血肿基本消失,术后6月恢复良好34例（79.1%）,重度功能障碍与生活依赖明显7例（9.6%）,生活完全依赖2例（4.7%）。结论：丘脑出血破入脑室,采用血肿及脑室穿刺体外引流术加尿激酶液化血肿的治疗方法,安全有效,可改善其预后,恢复快。     

一例HIV感染病调查报告

目的报告某患者的HIV感染途径,了解艾滋病（HIV）/艾滋病（AIDS）的流行特征。方法对某医院疑似感染HIV病例的血样用酶联免疫吸附试验作初筛试验,确认试验采用蛋白印迹法。结果检测HIV-1型抗体阳性,经流行病学调查,感染者曾有可疑危险性接触史,最后确认为HIV感染者。结论医院加强对疑似就诊患者HIV的监测,是发现HIV感染者和防止艾滋病传播的有效措施之一。     

超声显影线定位法辅助桡动脉穿刺置管的应用价值

目的 评价超声显影线定位法辅助桡动脉穿刺置管的成功率及安全性。方法 选择2017年4月至2018年3月深圳市龙岗中心医院需要行动脉测压的择期手术患者163例,采用随机数字表法将患者分为对照组和观察组,对照组81例采用触摸法定位行桡动脉穿刺置管,观察组82例于超声辅助下定位行桡动脉穿刺置管,比较两组患者首次穿刺成功率、总穿刺成功率、穿刺置管平均时间,记录并发症发生率。结果 观察组首次穿刺、置管成功率明显高于对照组[89.02%vs 75.31%;89.02%vs 69.14%],差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组总穿刺、置管成功率均高于对照组[100.00%vs 92.59%;100.00%vs 88.89%],差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组首次穿刺置管时间、总穿刺置管时间明显短于对照组[（15.44±2.09）min vs（24.48±4.31）min;（22.36±3.17）min vs（33.72±4.26）min],差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组患者穿刺部位均无明显血肿、渗血、栓塞等并发症。结论 超声显影线定位法辅助桡动脉穿刺置管可提高穿刺置管准确性和成功率,缩短诊疗时间。     

自由角度和改制后固定角度穿刺架引导下仿甲状腺细针抽吸穿刺体模实验

目的探讨自由角度及改制后固定角度穿刺架在甲状腺细针抽吸穿刺中的可行性及准确性。方法模拟甲状腺细针抽吸穿刺建立模型,由10位医生分别通过徒手穿刺、使用自由角度穿刺架和改制后固定角度穿刺架对体模中的目标进行穿刺,每人做三次穿刺,分别记录下每次穿刺的目标深度、穿刺时间和成功率并对以上数据作统计学分析。结果第一组(徒手穿刺)穿刺成功率76.7%,目标放置平均深度1.99cm,穿刺平均时间40.52s;第二组(自由角度穿刺架)穿刺成功率100%,目标放置平均深度2.12cm,穿刺平均时间7.75s;第三组(改制后固定角度穿刺架)穿刺成功率100%,目标放置平均深度2.22cm,穿刺平均时间3.26s。徒手穿刺的成功率小于自由角度和改制后固定角度穿刺(P<0.05),自由角度和改制后固定角度穿刺的目标深度均大于徒手穿刺(P<0.05),自由角度和改制后固定角度穿刺的目标深度无差异(P=0.18),自由角度和改制后固定角度穿刺操作时间均短于徒手穿刺操作时间(P<0.001),改制后固定角度穿刺操作时间短于自由角度操作时间(P<0.01)。结论使用自由角度和改制后固定角度穿刺架穿刺均比徒手穿刺有更高的准确性,改制后固定角度穿刺架较自由角度穿刺架穿刺效率更高,对甲状腺深部小结节穿刺更便捷可靠。     

Immunogenicity and safety of Fluzone intradermal and high-dose influenza vaccines in older adults ≥65 years of age: A randomized,controlled, phase II trial

We conducted a randomized, controlled, multicenter, phase II study to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of an investigational intradermal (ID) trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) and a high-dose (HD) intramuscular (IM) TIV in older adults (≥65 years of age). Older adult subjects were immunized with ID vaccine containing either 15 μg hemagglutinin (HA)/strain (n = 636) or 21 μg HA/strain (n = 634), with HD IM vaccine containing 60 μg HA/strain (n = 320), or with standard-dose (SD) IM vaccine (Fluzone^®; 15 μg HA/strain; n = 319). For comparison, younger adults (18–49 years of age) were immunized with SD IM vaccine. In older adults, post-vaccination geometric mean titers induced by the ID vaccines were superior to those induced by the SD IM vaccine for the A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 strains and non-inferior for the B strain. Seroconversion rates induced by the ID vaccines were superior to those induced by the SD IM vaccine in older adults for the A/H1N1 and B strains and non-inferior for the A/H3N2 strain. Results did not differ significantly for the two ID vaccine dosages. Post-vaccination geometric mean titers, seroconversion rates, and most seroprotection rates were significantly higher in HD vaccine recipients than in older adult recipients of the SD IM or ID vaccines and, for most measures, were comparable to those of younger adult SD IM vaccine recipients. Injection-site reactions, but not systemic reactions or unsolicited adverse events, were more common with the ID vaccines than with the IM vaccines. No treatment-related serious adverse events were reported. This study demonstrated that: (1) the ID and HD vaccines were well-tolerated and more immunogenic than the SD IM vaccine in older adults; (2) the HD vaccine was more immunogenic than the ID vaccines in older adults; and (3) the HD vaccine in older adults and the SD IM vaccine in younger adults elicited comparable antibody responses (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier no.: NCT00551031).     

Epidemiological Investigation of the Jaundice Outbreak in Lalkuan,Nainital District,Uttarakhand

Background:

In March 2013, cases of acute hepatitis were reported from Lalkuan, Nainital district. We investigated the outbreak to identify the source of infection and to facilitate control measures.

Objectives:

To study the distribution of hepatitis cases, to find the source of infection, and to initiate the control measures in the affected area.

Materials and Methods:

We defined a case of acute hepatitis as those cases that had jaundice with at least one of the following symptoms: Dark urine, fever, pain in abdomen, vomiting, and loss of appetite in the affected area between January and March 2013. Door-to-door survey was carried out. Thirteen blood samples were randomly collected from jaundice cases for immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody for hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV). Water samples were collected to test residual chlorine.

Results:

Total 2,785 individuals were surveyed; of which 240 were suffering from acute viral hepatitis (attack rate (AR) = 8.61%). Out of 13 serum samples, 10 were found positive for HEV IgM antibodies and three cases had IgM antibodies for both HAV and HEV, which confirmed a hepatitis E outbreak. The difference in attack rate of hepatitis of both the sexes was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The attack rate was significantly higher in age groups >12 years of age (P < 0.001). Environmental investigation also confirmed the sewage contamination of drinking water in the distribution system. The attack rate was much higher (29.4%) among those who were exposed to the leaking pipeline than the nonexposed (χ² = 574.26, P < 0.01).

Conclusion:

HEV was confirmed as the major etiological agent in this outbreak that was transmitted by contaminated drinking water. The recognition of early warning signals, timely investigation, and application of specific control measures can contain the outbreak.     

胸椎旁神经阻滞术穿刺深度的解剖学研究

目的　观察横突、肋横突外侧韧带与脊神经之间的毗邻关系,为提高超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞术的安全性及阻滞效能提供解剖学依据。 方法　选用18具标本胸椎节段,取椎板外侧缘和同名脊神经根的十字交点作为测量的起点,分别测量T1~12共12个节段脊神经与横突下后缘中点、肋横突外侧韧带下缘中点之间的距离。根据“3个一组”原则,12个节段共分为4组,记为T1~3组、T4~6组、T7~9组及T10~12组,对不同组别的脊神经-横突间距、脊神经-肋横突外侧韧带间距分别进行单因素方差分析。 结果　（1）脊神经-横突间距：平均为（16.13±5.59）mm,T1~12总体呈先递增后递减的趋势,T5节段最大,为（18.88±5.78）mm,T5向上或向下节段逐渐减小,T1节段为（16.62±3.67）mm,T12节段为（9.76±3.75）mm。自上而下4组的脊神经-横突间距分别为（17.50±4.67）、（18.19±5.62）、（16.92±5.28）及（12.00±4.42）mm,T10~12组相比T1~3组（P<0.01）、T4~6组（P<0.01）、T7~9组（P<0.01）有统计学差异。（2）脊神经-肋横突外侧韧带间距：平均为（17.67±3.76）mm,自上而下4组的间距分别为（16.95±3.82）、（17.55±3.89）、（17.81±3.83）及（18.30±3.43）mm,两两比较均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。 结论　了解脊神经-横突间距、脊神经-肋横突外侧韧带间距利于估算椎旁神经阻滞的安全穿刺深度,以提高阻滞效能,避免脊神经损伤及全脊髓麻醉的风险。