不同附加滤过与管电压和管电流组合对小儿床边X射线摄影图像质量和辐射剂量的影响

目的 探讨小儿床边X射线摄影时,不同附加滤过与管电压、管电流组合条件对图像质量和辐射剂量的影响。方法 利用日本岛津无线平板移动数字化X射线摄影（DR）机和荷兰Artinis公司CDRAD 2.0体模,采用小儿床边日常工作的50 kV管电压、1.40 mAs管电流曝光,得到图像质量因子反数值（IQFInv）。再于移动DR机束光器开口处附加1 mm铝、2 mm铝、1+2 mm铝和0.3 mm铜4种滤过组合,并分别采用50、66、83、100 kV 4种管电压与不同的管电流组合对体模曝光。所有曝光后图像分析得到IQFInv值。采用Pearson相关及回归分析管电压、管电流对IQFInv值的影响,并且找到与日常工作图像质量IQFInv值相当的各附加滤过与管电压、管电流组合。采用瑞典RTI公司Barracuda诊断水平剂量仪,测量各滤过与管电压、管电流组合的入射体表剂量,每种组合测量20次。结果 各种滤过及管电压、管电流组合摄影条件图像质量比较,在测试范围内管电压与IQFInv值呈正相关（r=0.49,P<0.05）;管电流也与IQFInv值呈正相关（r=0.36,P<0.05）。随着附加滤过的增加,需要更大的管电流才能得到所需的图像质量。同时随着附加滤过的增加,各级管电压之间IQFInv值差距加大。各种滤过及管电压、管电流组合摄影条件下,采用附加滤过后入射体表剂量变化范围为（30.58±0.21）~（10.49±0.09）μGy。各组之间差异均有统计学意义（t=-15.306~514.585,P<0.05）。各种附加滤过均能有效减少入射体表剂量。同时随着滤过的增加和管电压的增加,入射体表剂量减少更为明显。但是超过83 kV管电压以后,各种附加滤过的入射体表剂量都呈上升趋势。结论 附加滤过是有效降低小儿床边X射线摄影入射体表剂量的方法。在保证图像质量的前提之下,高原子序数的附加滤过与次高千伏的管电压以及匹配的管电流组合是最优的小儿床边X射线摄影条件。     

64层螺旋CT肺部高分辨率图像质量影响因素的体模研究

目的 分析影响肺部高分辨率CT(HRCT)图像质量的主要因素,探讨常规肺部容积扫描条件下获得HRCT图像质量的可行性.方法 应用64层CT对Catphan500模具进行连续、重复扫描.对比内容:扫描方式(轴面扫描、螺旋扫描)、kV值(140、120 kV)、层厚(1.25、5.00 mm,其中5.00 mm图像折分为1.25 mm)、重建算法(骨+算法、肺算法).评价内容:空间分辨率、密度分辨率、图像噪声.统计分析采用析因设计方差分析.结果 扫描方式在密度分辨率(轴面扫描:11.44±0.04;螺旋扫描:12.61±0.04)、图像噪声(轴面扫描:5.89±0.05;螺旋扫描:6.92±0.05)上差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为539.61、179.02,P值均＜0.01),轴面扫描密度分辨率高于螺旋扫描,图像噪声低于螺旋扫描;重建算法间在空间分辨率(骨+:9.90±0.09;肺:7.40±0.09)、密度分辨率(骨+:11.39±0.04;肺:12.65±0.04)、图像噪声(骨+:6.55±0.05;肺:6.28±0.05)上差异均具有统计学意义(F值分别为375.00、627.95、13.97,P值均＜0.05),骨+算法优于肺算法但噪声值略高.结论 容积扫描在密度分辨率、图像噪声控制上较传统HRCT稍差,但在空间分辨率上容积扫描骨+算法重建与HRCT图像质量相当,用于显示肺内细节时容积高分辨率CT可代替常规HRCT.     

Dose reduction techniques in coronary calcium scoring: The effect of iterative reconstruction combined with low tube voltage on calcium scores in a thoracic phantom

ObjectivesTo define a dose-reduced coronary calcium CT protocol that provides similar calcium score values as a conventional 120 kVp protocol.MethodsA thorax phantom containing 100 calcifications was scanned with the reference protocol (120 kVp, 90 ref mAs, FBP) and 30 dose-reduced protocols (70–110 kVp, 90 ref mAs, FBP and iterative reconstruction (IR) levels 1–5) with 3rd generation dual-source CT. For protocols that yielded similar detectability and calcium scores as the reference protocol, additional scans were acquired at reduced ref mAs. Kendall’s τ_b and independent-samples-median test were used to determine trends and differences in contrast/signal-to-noise ratio (CNR and SNR), dose and calcium scores.ResultsThe detectability and calcium scores decreased at increasing IR levels (τb < − 0.825, p < 0.001) and increasing tube voltage (τ_b < − 0.679, p < 0.001). For 90 kVp-IR3 and 100 kVp-IR1, similar detectability and calcium score was found compared to the reference protocol (p > 0.206). For these protocols, lower tube currents did not affect the detectability and Agatston score (p > 0.206), while CNR and SNR were similar/higher compared to the reference protocol (0.008 < p < 0.206). Dose reduction was 60.6% (90 kVp-IR3) and 43.6% (100 kVp-IR1).ConclusionsThe protocol of 90 kVp-IR3 and 100 kVp-IR1 yielded similar calcium detectability, Agatston score and image quality as the reference protocol, with dose reduction up to 60.6%.     

重建算法和层厚对肺结节容积定量的影响

目的 用肺结节模型评价多排探测器CT(MDCT)的重建算法、层厚对不同大小、密度肺结节容积定量准确性的影响,并对肺结节容积定量的重复性进行检验.方法 肺结节模型直径25 cm,内含4种直径(2.5、5.0、10.0、20.0 mm)、5种密度(-100、-60、0、60、100 HU)结节共16个.利用64排MDCT对模型进行两次扫描,采用8种重建算法(软组织、标准、胸、肺、精细、骨、骨+、边缘)和五种层厚(0.625、1.25、2.5、3.75、5.0 mm),获取评估结节定量准确性的数据和用于重复性检验的数据.在ADW 4.2工作站上用ALA(advanced lung analysis)软件对模拟肺结节进行容积测量.用CT软件测量获得的容积相对于参考标准容积的绝对误差百分率(APE)表示容积定量的准确性.统计学方法采用单因素及多因素方差分析、多元线性回归分析及配对t检验.结果 ①在0.625 mm及1.25 mm层厚条件下,8种重建算法APE之间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中肺算法误差最大,且与其他7种算法之间的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);其他7种算法间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),其中胸算法误差最小,骨算法次之.②重建层厚、结节直径及结节密度对结节容积APE值的影响均有统计学意义(P<0.01).对于直径为2.5 mm的结节,仅能用0.625 mm层厚测量且误差较大;对于直径≥5 mm的结节,1.25 mm层厚的测量误差最小,与0.625 mm层厚的结果相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).重建层厚(P<0.001)、结节直径(P<0.001)与APE值存在线性回归关系.③当采用0.625 mm和1.25 mm两种层厚重建时,两次扫描容积定量值之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 除肺算法外的其余7种重建算法均可用于肺结节容积定量;对于直径<5 mm的结节,应采用0.625 mm或更薄重建层厚,对于直径≥5 mm的结节,以采用1.25 mm重建层厚为宜;结节直径和(或)密度的变化对容积APE值也具有显著影响;MDCT肺结节容积定量的重复性可靠.     

Feasibility of lung imaging with a large field-of-view spectral photon-counting CT system

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to characterize the technical capabilities and feasibility of a large field-of-view clinical spectral photon-counting computed tomography (SPCCT) prototype for high-resolution (HR) lung imaging.Materials and methodsMeasurement of modulation transfer function (MTF) and acquisition of a line pairs phantom were performed. An anthropomorphic lung nodule phantom was scanned with standard (120 kVp, 62 mAs), low (120 kVp, 11 mAs), and ultra-low (80 kVp, 3 mAs) radiation doses. A human volunteer underwent standard (120 kVp, 63 mAs) and low (120 kVp, 11 mAs) dose scans after approval by the ethics committee. HR images were reconstructed with 1024 matrix, 300 mm field of view and 0.25 mm slice thickness using a filtered-back projection (FBP) and two levels of iterative reconstruction (iDose 5 and 9). The conspicuity and sharpness of various lung structures (distal airways, vessels, fissures and proximal bronchial wall), image noise, and overall image quality were independently analyzed by three radiologists and compared to a previous HR lung CT examination of the same volunteer performed with a conventional CT equipped with energy integrating detectors (120 kVp, 10 mAs, FBP).ResultsTen percent MTF was measured at 22.3 lp/cm with a cut-off at 31 lp/cm. Up to 28 lp/cm were depicted. While mixed and solid nodules were easily depicted on standard and low-dose phantom images, higher iDose levels and slice thicknesses (1 mm) were needed to visualize ground-glass components on ultra-low-dose images. Standard dose SPCCT images of in vivo lung structures were of greater conspicuity and sharpness, with greater overall image quality, and similar image noise (despite a flux reduction of 23%) to conventional CT images. Low-dose SPCCT images were of greater or similar conspicuity and sharpness, similar overall image quality, and lower but acceptable image noise (despite a flux reduction of 89%).ConclusionsA large field-of-view SPCCT prototype demonstrates HR technical capabilities and high image quality for high resolution lung CT in human.     

基于体模三维DSA的导航精度及与MR血管成像的图像融合

目的通过体外模型考察三维（3D）DSA的导航精度，评价通过与MRI和（或）MR血管成像（MRA）[MRI（A）]的图像融合实现基于3DDSA神经导航手术的可行性。方法（1）模型：树脂玻璃体模（Peg-Board Phantom），圆柱体的底部随机排列有32个高低不等的实心定位圆柱体，其高度和排列位置均符合正态分布。（2）3DDSA检查：采用日本东芝公司的InfinixNS／VCDSA机，原始数据经3D工作站重组后，传输至在线Pc工作站，经WFUDICOM-Toolkit软件转换为标准的医学数字影像通信标准（DICOM）图像层面数据。（3）MRI（A）检查：采用GESignaVH／i3.0T超导MR成像系统，用快速扰相梯度回波（FSPGR）序列进行扫描，DICOM图像亦传输至Pc工作站。（4）图像融合：采用3D Slicer软件以定位圆柱体的位置及形态为依据，对3D DSA和MRI（A）图像进行手工配准，融合效果由多名有经验的医师进行评价。（5）导航精度的测量：计算3D DSA、MRI（A）显示的底盘上的32个定位圆柱体顶点的坐标与模型实际坐标间的欧氏距离。体模的DSA导航精度与MRI导航精度间的差异采用配对t检验进行评价。结果以定位圆柱体的位置及形态为依据进行体外模型的3D DSA、MRI（A）的图像配准，最终图像融合效果满意。模型内定位圆柱体顶点的平均定位误差分别为（0.38±0.24）mm（3D DSA）、（0.31±0.12）mm[MRI（A）]，两者间的导航精度差异无统计学意义（t=-0.601，P=0.55）。结论通过与MRI（A）的图像融合，可以实现基于3D DSA的神经导航手术，其导航精度可以满足临床需要。     

术中放疗的吸收剂量测算方法的研究

目的 研究和比较水、固体水及有机玻璃3种模体的术中放疗吸收剂量的测算方法。方法 对于3种模体,使用固定在水模体中的电离室对加速器的电子速术中放疗限光筒进行吸收剂量的测算,首先选定参考限光筒对所有能量的电子束在源皮距SSD=100cm,水模内射束中心轴上特定深度,通过调整加速器使1cGy=1MU,然后使用术中放疗及参考限光筒在相同的辐照条件下进行测量,即测量术中放疗限光筒的输出因数,对于水模体,计算出各限光筒的吸收剂量cGy对应的加速器输出MU数值,并据此计算出固体水模体和有机玻璃模体的各限光筒吸收剂量cGy对应的加速器输出的MU数值,结果 相对于水模体,有机玻璃模体的测量误差为0.27%,固体水为0.45%。结论 对没有专用测量水箱和固体水的医院使用有机玻璃模体进行吸收剂量的测量不失为一种切实可行的方法。     

Cardiac ejection fraction: phantom study comparing cine MR imaging, radionuclide blood pool imaging, and ventriculography.

The accuracy and reproducibility of cardiac ejection fraction (EF) measurements based on cine magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, radionuclide multigated acquisition (MUGA) blood pool imaging, and angiographic ventriculography were evaluated by comparing them with a volumetrically determined standard. A biventricular, compliant, fluid-filled heart phantom was developed to mimic normal cardiac anatomy and physiology. Ventricular EFs were measured with cine MR imaging by summation of nine contiguous 10-mm-thick sections in short and long axis, with single-plane ventriculography, and with MUGA. Three measurements were performed with each modality for each of three EFs. Ventriculography was least accurate, with average relative errors ranging from 7.9% for the largest EF to 60.1% for the smallest. Cine MR was most accurate, with average relative errors ranging from 4.4% to 8.5%. MUGA EF measurements showed good correlation, with average relative errors ranging from 7.1% to 22.4%. Comparison of the error variances for the three modalities with the F test revealed that MR and MUGA EF measurements were significantly more accurate than those based on ventriculography (P less than .01). No significant difference was demonstrated between the accuracy of short- and long-axis cine MR acquisitions.     

Evaluation of the European spine phantom in a multi-centre clinical trial

The European Spine Phantom (ESP) has recently been developed as a universal standard for instruments measuring bone density. The ESP is composed of three semi-anthropomorphic hydroxyapatite vertebrae of varying densities surrounded by soft tissue equivalent plastic designed to resemble human bone and soft tissue when scanned on bone densitometers. In multi-centre studies it is particularly important to verify that each participating bone densitometer is performing in a stable and linear fashion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ESP within the context of a multi-centre clinical trial. Eighteen centres in the UK and Canada with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) instruments (Lunar DPX, DPX-alpha and DPX-L) participated in the study. The ESP was scanned 10 times on each instrument without repositioning using standardized protocols. The precision of the bone mineral density (BMD) measurements (L1–3) expressed as a coefficient of variation ranged from 0.4% to 1.1% (mean 0.7%). The mean BMD of each instrument was expressed as a percentage difference from the overall mean and ranged from −1.33% to 1.33%. Linear regression analysis showed that all instruments behaved in a linear fashion across the range of densities with correlation coefficients all ≥0.999 and standard errors of the estimate <1.5% of the mean BMD ESP value. The data from this study demonstrate that the ESP is a useful phantom for assessing the linearity, stability and differences between DXA instruments from one manufacturer.