医护群体职业紧张和职业枯竭量表信度和效度的分析

目的 对职业紧张量表(occupational stress inventory revised edition,OSI-R)和职业枯竭量表(maslach burnout inventory-general survey,MBI-GS)的信度和效度进行评价.方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法对广西地区12家综合性医院的1 500名医护人员进行问卷调查.采用同质性信度、分半信度、重测信度、相关分析、因子分析对量表进行信、效度检验.结果 OSI-R及其3个分量表的克朗巴赫α系数(Cronbach' sα系数)在0.887～0.934之间,分半信度在0.913 ～0.941之间,重测信度在0.558～0.755之间(P ＜0.001).MBI-GS的Cronbaeh's α系数为 0.875,分半信度为0.947,重测信度为0.672(P ＜0.001).OSI-R中大多数条目,MBI-GS中的所有条目在相应维度上的因子载荷量较理想.结论 OSI-R和MBI-GS两个量表均有较好的信度和效度.但OSI-R中存在不尽合理的条目,应结合实际情况予以修改,使之能更好的在医护群体中推广使用.     

粤西地区某市木家具制造业职业卫生检测及职工体检结果分析

目的了解粤西地区某市木家具制造业作业场所中职业病危害因素检测情况及其接害作业人员的健康状况。方法依据国家职业卫生标准所规定的方法对该区2011—2012年23家木家具制造业的作业场所职业病危害因素进行检测,对作业人员进行职业健康检查并对结果进行评价。结果累计检测作业点159个,合格点数73个(45.9%);噪声、粉尘和有机溶剂合格率分别是37.7%,45.6%和53.3%。共检查178名接害作业人员,全部检查项目均无异常者77人,合格率43.3%;未检出职业病患者或疑似职业病患者。结论粤西地区某市木家具制造业普遍存在粉尘、噪声和有机溶剂等职业病危害,职工健康检查合格率低,应加强职业病三级预防和健康监护工作,切实保护工人身体健康。     

2006—2013年南通市职业病发病情况及趋势

目的分析南通市职业病发病现状,分析疾病谱特征、地区和行业分布特点以及发病趋势。方法汇总2006—2013年职业病信息网络报告和职业病报告卡数据,以确诊的职业病病例为分析对象。结果 2006至2013年南通市职业病发病180例,包含7大类,其中以尘肺(80例)、职业中毒(46例)、职业性耳鼻喉口腔疾病(31例)为主,职业中毒又以急性中毒(38例)为主;地区分布以崇川区(41例)、港闸区(31例)、如东县(28例)为主;企业分布主要集中在私营企业(101例)及中小型企业(119例);行业以机械(40例)、船舶(21例)、化工(21例)为主。结论南通市近8年职业病发病情况未得到有效控制,职业病发病情况不容乐观,职业病防治工作亟待加强。     

2011-2013年北京市顺义区部分企业职业病危害因素检测结果

目的 分析2011-2013年北京市顺义区部分企业职业病危害因素存在及其变化情况.方法 收集2011-2013年职业病危害因素(粉尘、化学因素、物理因素)的检测数据,比较不同类型企业及不同种类职业病危害因素的检测情况.结果 3年累计检测企业146家,检测样品3 169个,合格样品3 012个,合格率为95.0％,检测合格率逐年升高,差异有统计学意义(x2＝15.248,P＜0.05);粉尘和化学因素的合格率较高,物理因素的合格率最低.不同年份相同危害因素比较,粉尘(x2=27.684,P＜0.05)、化学因素(x2=8.616,P＜0.05)、物理因素(x2-13.822,P＜0.05)的差异均有统计学意义;共检测大型企业11家,中型企业29家,小型企业106家,同一类型企业不同年份比较,大型企业(x2=29.979,P＜0.05)和小型企业(x2＝26.929,P＜0.05)的差异有统计学意义;不同经济类型企业中,外商独资企业的合格率最低(92.1％).结论 该区企业仍存在一定程度的职业病危害,监管部门应加大监督力度.     

重症监护室护士慢性疲劳综合征与职业紧张的相关性

目的 调查重症监护室护士职业紧张现状与慢性疲劳综合征(CFS)发生率,并探讨其相关性.方法 选取2013年7月-2014年7月在荆州市10所综合性医院任职共235名ICU护士为研究对象,采用自制一般情况调查表、职业紧张量表(OSIR)和疲劳量表-14(FS-14)对其进行调查.结果 ICU护士职业紧张度最高发生在30～39岁年龄段,护龄在10～19 a、学历中专、常白夜班倒班、在编护士以及离婚和丧偶护士群体中,CFS的发生与年龄无关(P＞0.05);疲劳总分、躯体疲劳、脑力疲劳得分分别与职业任务、个体紧张反应得分呈正相关,与个体应变能力得分呈负相关,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 ICU护士职业紧张情况较为严重,可通过缓解其职业紧张水平,从而降低患CFS的风险.     

民营职业卫生技术服务机构的发展现状

综述了我国职业卫生技术服务机构的市场构成情况,对民营职业卫生技术服务机构的发展前景进行了综合分析.通过对内蒙古地区、天津市及北京市职业卫生技术服务机构人员构成情况进行综述,指出了当前职业卫生技术服务机构的首要发展瓶颈为人力资源配置不足,对民营职业卫生技术服务机构提出了发挥体制优势、最大限度地利用社会资源和强化人力资源管理、积极抢占市场份额的发展建议.     

职业性硬金属肺病二例分析

目的 通过综合分析疑似职业性硬金属肺病现场职业卫生学资料和临床资料,掌握职业性硬金属肺病的临床特征和疾病的预后,提高职业性硬金属肺病的诊疗水平.方法 以2名疑似硬金属肺病的工人为研究对象,统一要求其提供职业史、职业健康体检结果、既往就诊病历,采用实验室检查、拍摄系列普通高仟伏胸片和胸部CT、HRCT片、纤维支气管镜做病理检查、心电图检查等方法,分别由3家机构的呼吸科专家、病理科专家对胸片、CT片和病理切片进行读片,并出具诊断报告,提交至职业病诊断机构,由诊断机构组织进行现场职业卫生学调查,由3名以上职业病诊断医师共同讨论诊断,得出职业病诊断结论.结果 2例硬金属肺病患者均接触硬质金属合金粉尘,发病工龄8～9年;临床表现以干咳,活动后气喘为主,两肺呼吸音粗;影像学改变以两肺弥漫性结节状影、网状阴影和毛玻璃样改变为主;病理表现为特征性的巨细胞间质性肺炎改变,疾病治疗的预后和转归不一.结论 根据确切的职业接触史及临床表现,结合X线胸片、CT片检查结果和病理学特征性改变,可以确诊职业性硬金属肺病.     

The impact of major occupational injuries on professional reintegration. A Portuguese medico-legal contribution

Occupational injuries represent an enormous economic impact for victims, respective families, involved institutions and all the community due to professional outcomes. Thus, it is of the utmost importance that medico-legal personal injury assessment and the posterior follow-up of these victims, may allow their concrete damage repair, considering the victims' needs fulfilment and professional reintegration, whenever possible. The main objective of this study is to reflect on the role that legal medicine can play in promoting the professional reintegration of victims of major occupational accidents through the analysis of occupational injuries cases considering the medico-legal examinations performed. A retrospective study was conducted using medico-legal major occupational injuries cases (Partial Permanent Disability ≥40%). Data were collected from two medico-legal assessment moments: (a) personal injury assessment homologated by a labour court 4.8 years on average after occupational injury; (b) medico-legal follow-up for needs and/or Partial Permanent Disability adjustments performed 18.9 years on average after occupational injury. The final sample includes 103 cases. The results showed that in major occupational accidents, permanent long-term outcomes were principally associated with neurological (62.1%) and orthopaedic (52.4%) sequelae. Permanent professional damage parameters assigned by the labour court included Partial Permanent Disability (23.3%), Permanent Absolute Disability for Regular Work (41.7%) and Permanent Absolute Disability for Any Work (35%). Three-dimensional methodology is helpful in predicting Partial Permanent Disability and Permanent Absolute Disability for Any Work. However, three-dimensional methodology did not reveal correlations with Permanent Absolute Disability for Regular Work, and currently 65% of the victims who were considered able to work by the labour court are not professionally active. Thus, these major cases deserve a more detailed medico-legal approach based on concrete information about the professional reality of each victim, especially cases with an eventual Permanent Absolute Disability for Regular Work. Medico-legal Injury Assessment must be based on concrete aspects of the victim's professional reality and not only on permanent disability tables. This calls for an articulation between all institutions working with the victim of occupational injuries and legal medicine to promote recovery and the necessary measures to assure professional rehabilitation.     

Provision of hepatitis B vaccination for primary care dental staff in Scotland

OBJECTIVES: All dental surgeons should be protected from hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection by immunisation, ideally administered and monitored via occupational health services (OHS). This study examined relevant OHS systems in place for dental primary care healthcare workers (DHCW) across all Health Board Areas (HBAs) in Scotland. It also explored the DHCWs' knowledge of, and access to, these systems in three HBAs. METHODS: Data from senior staff in all Scottish Health Boards and Primary Care Trusts were collected by self-completing questionnaires. Information from DHCWs was collected via telephone interviews with General Dental Practitioners (GDPs) and Community Dental Officers (CDOs) in each of Ayrshire and Arran, Highland and Lothian Health Boards. RESULTS: Thirteen of the 15 HBAs had robust HBV vaccination and monitoring systems. However, only 7/15 (47%) of these covered all DHCWs. Seven HBAs provided vaccination and monitoring for CDOs only, leaving GDPs to undertake these responsibilities for themselves. Of the 105 DHCWs approached, 82 gave an interview. These interviews highlighted major differences between HBAs in relation to access of DHCWs to OHS and indicated that CDOs had greater access than GDPs to OHS. Overall, 31% of DHCWs were not satisfied with the OHS available. CONCLUSION: In order to safeguard both staff and patients, significant further work is required to ensure that all DHCWs have access to appropriate OHS support for provision and monitoring of immunisation procedures and related functions such as management of sharps injuries.     

1981～2001年北京市职业人群血清总胆固醇水平的变动

分析1981年至2001年20年间北京市部分职业人群血清总胆固醇水平的变化。在力求做到血脂测定标准化的基础上，回顾性分析20年来北京市部分机关和企事业单位工作人员47434人次总胆固醇水平的变化，按年度、性别、年龄分组统计，结果发现，总胆固醇水平从1981年至1988年间上升幅度较大，年龄调整均值男性上升0．73mmol／L(28m/dL)，女性上升0．62mmol／L(24mg/dL)。至1990年已达最高值，2001年低于1991年，男、女年龄调整均值分别回落0．21mmol/L(8mg/dL)及0．23mmol/L(9mg/dL)。男女总胆固醇水平随年龄上升，从青年至老年，男性上升约20％，而女性升高达35％，上升趋势基本一致。不同年龄组间上升幅度有明显的男女差异，青年期男性大于女性，中年以后女性上升幅度增大，从40～49岁至50～59岁组男性平均上升3％．而女性上升达14％．60岁以后上升很少。所以总胆固醇水平在50岁以前男性高于女性，50岁以后女性高于男性。以1985年、1991年和2001年为例，无论男女，年龄标化的高胆固醇检出率[总胆固醇≥5．17mmol／L(200mg/dL)、≥5．69mmol/L(220mg/dL)及≥6．02mmol／L(240mg/dL)]1991年比1985年明显增高，而2001年与1991年相差不多且有所回落。目前北京市职业人群的总胆固醇年龄调整均值男性4．86mmol/L(188mg/dL)，女性4．78mmol/L(185mg/dL)，年龄标化高胆固醇检出率≥5．7mmol／L者约20％，≥6．2mmol/L者约10％。结果提示，北京市职业人群血清总胆固醇水平及年龄标化的高胆固醇检出率在80年代升幅较大．90年代不再升高且有所回落。