Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Colistin in Neonates With Culture Proven Sepsis

Background:

Although it is well described among adults, intravenous colistin use and its associated toxicities in newborns are poorly understood.

Objectives:

We present our experience of efficacy and safety of intravenous colistin in the treatment of sepsis in term and preterm neonates.

Patients and Methods:

The records of neonates who received colistin between January 2013 and February 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. All neonates with culture proven nosocomial infections due to multidrug resistant organisms and treated continuously with colistin for more than 72 hours were included in the study.

Results:

Patients were evaluated for clinical and microbiological response to the drug and its and side effects. Twelve newborn infants with mean 31.8 ± 3.5 weeks gestational age and median 1482 (810 - 3200) gram birth weight were included. 11/12 (91.7%) patients showed microbiological clearance with intravenous colistin. One patient who had recurrent cerebrospinal fluid positive culture was treated with intraventricular colistin. The major side effects observed was hyponatremia and hypokalemia in 2 (16.6%) patients, all infants required magnesium supplementation.

Conclusions:

Intravenous colistin administration appears to be safe and efficacious for multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections in neonates, including preterm infants. However, we believe that large prospective controlled studies are needed to confirm its efficacy and safety in neonates.     

大肠杆菌K1穿越血脑屏障机制研究进展

新生儿化脓性脑膜炎是一种危重的中枢神经系统感染性疾病.大肠杆菌K1菌株(Escherichia coli K1,Ecoli K1)是常见的导致新生儿化脓性脑膜炎的革兰阴性菌,大部分大肠杆菌脑膜炎是血源性传播所导致,其穿过血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier,BBB)的机制一直是研究的重点.相关研究表明,Ecoli K1穿越BBB与高水平菌血症、对脑微血管内皮细胞的侵袭、受体介导的胞吞转运、活菌穿越BBB密切相关.该文从上述四个方面对E.coli K1穿过BBB进入大脑引起新生儿化脓性脑膜炎的发病机制进行综述.     

高风险初产妇妊娠期糖尿病的筛查对新生儿的影响

目的:研究高风险初产妇妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的筛查对妊娠结局和新生儿的影响.方法:选取2011年1月～ 2014年2月期间来该院进行产前检查并建档的300例高风险的初产妇作为研究对象,均在妊娠24～28周接受50 g葡萄糖负荷试验(GCT)和75 g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),并定期复查血糖.根据血糖水平将300例产妇分为观察组231例和对照组69例,比较两组产妇的剖宫产率、不良反应和并发症的发生率;比较两组新生儿的1 min和5 min Apgar评分;比较两组围产儿的并发症发生率.结果:观察组产妇的剖宫产率9.96％,不良反应发生率4.76％,并发症发生率4.33％;对照组产妇剖宫产率24.64％,不良反应发生率13.04％,并发症发生率15.94％,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).观察组新生儿1 min Apgar评分(9.5±0.2)分,围产儿并发症发生率4.33％;对照组新生儿1 min Apgar评分(9.0±0.3)分,围产儿并发症发生率14.71％,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组新生儿的5min Apgar评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:高风险产妇GDM的筛查对改善妊娠结局和新生儿的预后意义重大.     

围生期常用治疗对子代神经发育影响的研究进展北大核心CSCD

围生期是子代大脑及中枢神经发育的关键时期,此期内发生的不同事件都会对子代大脑的发育进程有着深远影响。糖皮质激素、抗生素、硫酸镁、咖啡因、肺表面活性物质及亚低温治疗等是围生期的常见治疗药物及手段,与新生儿的神经发育预后有着密切关系。该文总结近年围生期治疗对新生儿神经发育影响的最新研究进展,为临床决策提供参考。     

广西三江县侗族新生儿UGT1A1基因变异分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨广西柳州三江县侗族新生儿UGT1A1基因变异特点及其与侗族新生儿高胆红素血症发生的关系。方法前瞻性选取2021年1月至2022年1月于三江县人民医院新生儿科诊断不明原因高胆红素血症的新生儿84例为研究对象;另选取同期健康新生儿60例纳入健康对照组。提取两组新生儿外周血基因组DNA,对UGT1A1启动子区TATA盒和外显子1进行PCR扩增并进行基因测序。结果病例组检测出33例G71R错义突变,突变率为39%,A等位基因频率(21%)显著高于健康对照组(10%)(P<0.05)。携带G71R错义突变基因型的侗族新生儿发生高胆红素血症的风险是携带野生型的健康新生儿的2.588倍(P<0.05)。Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡检验结果提示两组新生儿UGT1A1 G71R位点基因型符合遗传平衡(P>0.05)。结论UGT1A1 G71R突变是三江县侗族新生儿高频基因变异类型,且G71R错义突变与侗族新生儿发生高胆红素血症相关。     

缺碘地区母婴分娩状态性别体重对新生儿TSH水平的影响

为探讨缺碘地区母婴不同分娩状态及各种生理因素对新生儿促甲状腺激素（ＴＳＨ）水平分布的影响，应用免疫放射分析（ＩＲＭＡ）测定了１５７９名新生儿脐带血ＴＳＨ水平。结果发现，ＴＳＨ值＞５ｍＵ／Ｌ者所占百分数，城镇新生儿的为１９．７％，农村的为２５．９％（Ｐ＜０．０５），女婴的为２８．１％，男婴的为２１．４％（Ｐ＜０．０１），难产的为３１．８％，足月顺产的为２３．３％（Ｐ＜０．０５）；ＴＳＨ值≥２０ｍＵ／Ｌ者所占百分数，早产的为５．３％，足月顺产的为０．４％（Ｐ＜０．０１），重度缺氧的为１２．５％，正常的为０．４％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示不同地区、新生儿性别、母亲分娩状态及新生儿缺氧程度对新生儿ＴＳＨ水平分布有一定影响。因此应用新生儿ＴＳＨ评价人群中碘缺乏病流行状况时应当考虑这些因素     

全身炎症反应综合征患儿T细胞亚群变化及其临床意义

目的 探讨新生儿T细胞亚群在全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)中的作用。方法 观察组选择非SIRS患儿24例，SIRS患儿27例，对照组选择健康新生儿20例。在病情危重期测定T细胞亚群，并观察病情的演变。结果 SIRS组及非SIRS组CD3、CD4、CD8均低于对照组。SIRS组中，死亡者CD3、CD8低于存活者，CD4/CD8及器官功能不全数均高于存活者。SIRS组病死率高于非SIRS组。结论 由于新生儿T淋巴细胞功能不完善，易受各种不利因素的影响。功能被抑制，细胞凋亡增加，影响细菌、病毒的清除，故导致全身器官功能衰竭。     

1例新生儿耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌合并金黄色葡萄球菌感染的药学监护

1例新生儿因"早产儿、新生儿湿肺"收住入院。入院后气管插管末端细菌培养为耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌、脐静脉导管培养为敏感金黄色葡萄球菌,临床药师经分析建议分别给予氨曲南、头孢他啶抗感染治疗,经过积极治疗,患儿细菌培养结果呈阴性,感染指标下降,症状好转出院。临床药师在参与重点病例的治疗过程中,能有效协助医生解决治疗难点,提供药学角度的专业性建议,确保患儿治疗安全有效,体现了临床药师的专业价值。     

Effect of exchange blood transfusion on oxygen saturation of neonates with severe neonatal jaundice by pulse oximetry

Objective: To determine if there was any difference in SpO2 readings during exchange blood transfusion (EBT).Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study of neonates with severe neonatal jaundice requiring EBT was conducted. Oxygen saturation was recorded before, immediately and 15 minutes after EBT by using a pulse oximeter. Results: This study included 30 neonates with 20 males and 10 females. The age ranged from 1 to 12 days with a mean of (5.4 ± 2.9) days. Pre-EBT SpO2 ranged from 90％ to 98％ with a mean value of (94.3 ± 2.2)％; SpO2 in the end of EBT ranged from 85％ to 99％ with a mean value of (94.1 ± 3.2)％; SpO2 at 15 minutes after EBT ranged from 77％ to 99％ with a mean value of (94.8 ± 4.1)％. There was no significant difference between SpO2 values at onset of EBT and either immediately or 15 minutes after EBT (P=0.770 and 0.422, respectively). SpO2 showed no significant difference between neonates who were infused with blood of different storage times (<24 h or ≥24 h) at the onset of EBT (P=0.584), immediately (P>0.999) and 15 minutes after EBT (P=0.887). Besides, SpO2 values were compariable in neonates with hematocrit <45％ or ≥45％ at the onset of EBT (P=0.284), immediately (P=0.118) and 15 minutes after EBT (P=0.868). Conclusions: EBT does not affect SpO2 in neonates.     

磁共振成像对新生儿脑白质弥漫性高信号的诊断及预后评估

目的：探讨磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)对新生儿脑白质弥漫性高信号(diffuse excessive high signal intensity,DEHSI)的诊断及预后评估的价值。材料与方法通过对比和随访不同类型DEHSI患儿常规MRI特征性表现、脑白质病灶演变过程及患儿神经心理发育结果,分析三者之间的内在联系。结果生后年龄、胎龄、头围与DEHSI评估之间呈显著负相关(r=－0.266、－0.303、－0.200,P均＜0.05)。DEHSI的严重程度与矫正年龄后5个月大的患儿的各项预后指标评分(ADQ、GMDQ、FMDQ、LDQ、PSDQ)呈负相关(r=－0.423、－0.499、－0.553、－0.317、－0.453,P均＜0.05)。结论宫外暴露时间可促进新生儿成熟;此外,胎龄越大,胎儿越成熟,DEHSI分级越低。MRI可区分不同分级的DEHSI及较好的评价预后,中重度DEHSI患儿预后较差,无或轻度DEHSI患儿预后较好。