儿童原发性腹膜后恶性肿瘤的诊断与治疗

分析原发性腹膜后恶性肿瘤１２例。８３％以腹块和腹痛为主要症状，体征中腹块占９１．５％，以恶性淋巴瘤居首位占６１％。全组完全切除率为５８％，行脏器联合切除占２５％。完全切除加放疗、化疗３年存活率为２８．５％，部分切除及活检未给其它治疗者５例预后差，均１年内死亡，差别显著。     

Periapical radiographic techniques during endodontic diagnosis and treatment

The objective of this article is to describe various radiographic projections which can be used during endodontic therapy. Changes to the angulation of the X-ray beam in relation to the teeth and film can help diagnosis and treatment by producing images which provide additional information not always visible on radiographs taken with standard angulations. For example, changes in angulation can be useful to determine the number and curvature of roots and canals, to identify superimposed roots and to distinguish between anatomical landmarks and apical pathology. Although use of such techniques increases the diagnostic yield of films, it must be appreciated that such views lead to images that are less distinct because of inherent image distortion. Nevertheless, use of the various techniques during endodontics can provide substantial benefit for clinicians in their daily practice.     

Quantifying how location and dose of botulinum toxin injections affect muscle paralysis

Despite the widespread use of botulinum toxin to treat muscle dystonias, no method exists to quantify muscle paralysis in either human or nonhuman models. In this study we examined how the location, dose, and volume of botulinum injection affects paralysis in the rat tibialis anterior muscle. Paralysis was quantified by electrically stimulating the nerve to the tibialis anterior and then staining sections of the muscle for glycogen. The areas of glycogen-containing fibers represented regions of botulinum action. The results showed that the most important injection technique is to inject botulinum directly into the motor endplate region of a muscle. Injections only 0.5 cm from the motor endplate resulted in a 50% decrease in paralysis. Increases in dose increased paralysis, however, some of that increase was simply due to the increased volume of injection. Thus, delivering toxin in small volumes near the MEP band of a muscle should produce the most effectiveparalysis. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

放射性肝纤维化过程的定量研究

经＾６０Ｃｏγ线照射大鼠肝区，通过光镜、电镜和图像分析仪、宣研究了照后１年肝脏的病理改变。结果表明，３０Ｇｙ组在照射后１年内逐渐发生了放射性肝纤维化病变。在肝纤维化发生过程中，肝细胞内糖原颗凿含量进行性减少，间质中胶原纤维含量进行性增加，网状纤维于照射１－３个月呈进行性增加。     

猕猴对不同极化方向微波辐射能量吸收的研究

为提供微波辐射安全标准必要的数据，研究了不同极化方向微波辐射能量对猕猴的影响。实验在医学微波无反射室中进行，分为电场，磁场和微波传输方向极化组，辐射频率１ＧＨｚ，用红外热图技术，对暴露在三种极化方向电磁场中猕猴面部各解剖特片部位及胸部在辐射前后进行温度变化的定量分析。     

The range of minimum provoking doses in hazelnut-allergic patients as determined by double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges

BACKGROUND: The risk for allergic reactions depends on the sensitivity of individuals and the quantities of offending food ingested. The sensitivity varies among allergic individuals, as does the threshold dose of a food allergen capable of inducing an allergic reaction. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at determining the distribution of minimum provoking doses of hazelnut in a hazelnut-allergic population. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with a history of hazelnut-related allergic symptoms, a positive skin prick test to hazelnut and/or an elevated specific IgE level, were included. Double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges (DBPCFC) were performed with seven increasing doses of dried hazelnut (1 mg to 1 g hazelnut protein) randomly interspersed with seven placebo doses. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients had a positive challenge. Itching of the oral cavity and/or lips was the first symptom in all cases. Additional gastrointestinal symptoms were reported in five patients and difficulty in swallowing in one patient. Lip swelling was observed in two patients, followed by generalized urticaria in one of these. Threshold doses for eliciting subjective reactions varied from a dose of 1 mg up to 100 mg hazelnut protein (equivalent to 6.4-640 mg hazelnut meal). Extrapolation of the dose-response curve showed that 50% of our hazelnut-allergic population will suffer from an allergic reaction after ingestion of 6 mg (95% CI, 2-11 mg) of hazelnut protein. Objective symptoms were observed in two patients after 1 and 1,000 mg, respectively. CONCLUSION: DBPCFCs demonstrated threshold doses in half of the hazelnut-allergic patients similar to doses previously described to be hidden in consumer products. This stresses the need for careful labelling and strategies to prevent and detect contamination of food products with hazelnut residues.     

Catabolic effects and the influence on hormonal variables under treatment with gynodian-depot® or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) oenanthate

53 patients from a mainly climacteric population were treated monthly with 200 mg dehydro-epiandrosterone (DHEA) oenanthate or with 1 ampoule Gynodian-Depot®. Pronounced adiposity was present in 15 of these cases. Hormonal variables were determined before the treatment and during the depot effect of the preparations in order to study the principle which supports the oestrogenic influence and any weight-reducing influence under administration of DHEA. The elimination of lowpolar oestrogens increased considerably in 4 out of 13 post-menopausal cases treated with DHEA. This effect is probably indirect and presupposes intact ovaries. The incorporation of exogenous DHEA into the excretion of 17-ketosteroids and of 17-ketogenic steroids, such as those of androsterone + aethiocholanolone, depends on the size of the initial pool inasmuch as it is higher in small initial pools than in saturated pools - the size of the pool being age-dependent.

An average weight loss of >1 kg/mth was observed under DHEA treatment in 7 out 15 adipose cases. In comparison to the other 8 adipose cases, these 7 were younger and therefore also displayed higher values for 17-ketosteroids and their individual fractions. These circumstances appeared to explain why the administration of DHEA resulted in higher levels of free plasma DHEA which, in contrast to the cases without loss of weight, also resulted in an increase of renal DHEA-sulphate clearance. It was concluded from the findings that this is the explanation for the catabolic effect of exogenous DHEA.

Post-menopausally increased FSH and LH fractions were markedly suppressed in about half of the determinations after Gynodian-Depot administration, the findings indicating that DHEA is probably involved in suppression of the LH fraction.     

Prediction of steady state bioequivalence relationships using single dose data II-nonlinear kinetics

Two nonlinear pharmacokinetic models were simulated to investigate the relationship between single and multiple dose bioequivalency parameters for drugs such as phenytoin and propranolol which exhibit either saturable elimination kinetics or a capacity limited first pass effect. Mean Tmax, Cmax and area under the plasma-concentration time curve values from 0 to infinity (AUC 0-infinity) were compared after a single and multiple dose(s) of a test or reference drug. The aim was to determine if there were systematic changes in the limits of the single dose confidence interval at steady state that would limit the usefulness of confidence intervals following a single dose in accurately predicting bioavailability following multiple dosing. The 90 per cent confidence interval expressed as a percentage of the reference mean for Tmax, Cmax, and AUC 0-infinity showed model dependent changes from single to multiple dosing in response to the level of data error and changes in absorption. Changes in clearance also seemed to have a marked effect on the observed limits of the single and multiple dose confidence intervals especially for Cmax which showed a characteristic change in the intervals as a function of the clearance ratio. The model used to describe phenytoin had confidence intervals for Cmax and AUC 0-infinity from single to multiple dosing that were similar to that seen for the experimental data. However, the model predictions for Tmax confidence intervals following single and multiple dosing was at variance with the experimental data for formulations A and B.     

小剂量低LET辐射对人淋巴细胞SCE的影响

本文用磷酸盐Giemsa法观察了小剂量X射线照射对人离体外周血淋巴细胞SCE的影响。其结果照射组各剂量点均不明显地高于对照组,证实了SCE对电离辐射不敏感,说明染色体结构畸变和SCE的发生是彼此独立的两个不同事件。