豚鼠去大脑僵直后畸变产物耳声发射变化的实验观察

目的：进一步确定皮层高级中枢是否对耳蜗主动微机制有调控作用。方法：观察１７只豚鼠在去大脑僵直前、后的畸变产物耳声发射（ＯＰＯＡＥｓ）变化情况。结果：在避免体温和颅温下降、缺氧等情况下,豚鼠去大脑僵直后２ｍｉｎ,５ｍｉｎ,１０ｍｉｎ的ＤＰＯＡＥｓ幅值显著下降,３０ｍｉｎ开始逐渐恢复,６０ｍｉｎ基本恢复到术前水平。结论：结果 提示大脑皮层高级中枢对耳蜗主动微机制有下行调控作用,文中对可能的机制进行了讨     

眼表面郎格罕细胞对单纯疱疹病毒感染的反应

对豚鼠眼表面 LC 在实验性 HSV-1(F 株)角膜划痕接种后的反应进行了形态学和定量研究。接种后4 d,可见角膜缘及角膜内 LC 的数量明显增加。角膜缘者,至第6d 达到高峰值(390±94/mm~2),为对照组的2.8倍;角膜者至第8 d 达到高峰值(366±34/mm~2),60倍于对照组。接种后第11d,两处 LC 数量开始减少,但直至种毒后第51d,仍高于正常水平。对于局部 LC 密度的改变在机体免疫反应中的意义其及与角膜炎发展的关系进行了讨论。     

Clustering of and Risk Factors for the Porcine High Fever Disease in a Region of Vietnam

Porcine high fever disease (PHFD) emerged in 2006 in China and spread to Vietnam. Little work has been carried out to investigate PHFD risk factors and space–time dynamics. To fill this gap, we investigated probable cases of PHFD at household level as the outcome. A study area, approximately 100 sq. km, was selected from a province of southern Vietnam that had reported the outbreak of PHFD in 2008. A survey was conducted in the study area to collect information about swine health problems during 2008. The questionnaire included three sections: general information, clinical signs of disease in pigs and production factors believed to be risk factors. Cases were defined at the household level and included interpretation of clinical signs in series. Logistic regression with a random intercept at the hamlet level was used to assess risk factors for PHFD at the household level. Spatial clustering was investigated using the D‐function and a Cuzick–Edward’s test. Spatial clusters were evaluated using a spatial relative risk surface and the spatial scan statistic using a Bernoulli model. Space–time clustering was explored using a space–time K‐function and Knox’s test. Space–time clusters were evaluated using a space–time permutation model in SaTScan. Of 955 households with questionnaire data, 33.4% were classified as cases. The statistical significance of space and space–time clustering differed between methods employed. The risk factors associated with occurrence of cases were higher numbers of sows and finishing pigs (log 2 transformed), receiving pigs from an external source and the interaction between using ‘water green crop’ (WGC) as pig feed and owning ducks with or without direct contact with pigs. The interaction between the presence of ducks and feeding WGC to pigs suggested the involvement of pathogens that might be present in water (environment) and could further replicate in or on ducks.     

Auditory Neurotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity After MSMA (Monosodium Methanarsenate) High Dose Oral Intake

Context.?Human butyrylcholinesterase (huBuChE) has potential utility as a post-exposure therapy following percutaneous nerve agent poisoning as there is a slower absorption of agent by this route and hence a later onset of poisoning. Methods.?We used surgically implanted radiotelemetry devices to monitor heart rate, EEG, body temperature and locomotor activity in guinea pigs challenged with VX via the percutaneous route. Results.?Treatment with huBuChE (24.2 mg/kg, i.m.) at 30 or 120 min following percutaneous VX (~2.5 × LD₅₀) protected 9 out of 10 animals from lethality. When i.m. huBuChE administration was delayed until the onset of observable signs of systemic cholinergic poisoning, only one out of six animals survived to 7 days. Survival increased to 50% when the same dose of huBuChE was given intravenously at the onset of signs of poisoning. This dose represents approximately 1/10th the stoichiometric equivalent of the dose of VX administered (0.74 mg/kg). Intramuscular administration of huBuChE (24.2 mg/kg) alone did not produce any changes in heart rate, brain electrical activity, temperature or locomotion compared to saline control. Survival following VX and huBuChE treatment was associated with minimal incapacitation and observable signs of poisoning, and the mitigation or prevention of detrimental physiological changes (e.g. seizure, bradycardia and hypothermia) observed in VX + saline-treated animals. At 7 days, cholinesterase activity in the erythrocytes and most brain areas of guinea pigs that received huBuChE at either 18 h prior to or 30 min following VX was not significantly different from that of naïve, weight-matched control animals. Conclusion.?Percutaneous VX poisoning was successfully treated using post-exposure therapy with huBuChE bioscavenger. The opportunity for post-exposure treatment may have particular relevance in civilian settings, and this is a promising indication for the use of huBuChE.     

不同剂量氨溴索对实验性肺不张炎症因子及影像学的影响

目的探讨不同剂量氨溴索（ambroxol,AMB）对实验性肺不张炎症因子及影像学的影响。方法将雄性实验用中国小型猪随机分成肺不张组（M组6只）、AMB处理组（T组18只）及对照组（C组6只）。其中T组又随机分成30、60及90mg/Kg剂量的AMB处理的T30、T60及T90组,每组均为6只。M及T组小型猪的右主支气管下端在纤支镜下置入镍钛合金封堵器,T组小型猪在放入封堵器当天即予相对应的AMB剂量静脉注射,每8h注射1次,每3dCT检查肺部确定肺不张的形成,在肺不张形成后的第3天,3组动物均处死,收集右下肺组织行炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-10检测。结果M组和T组呈典型的肺不张CT改变。各组肺组织匀浆中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-10水平的表达差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。与C组比较,M组和T组TNF-α、IL-1β水平明显升高（均P＜0.01）;与M组比较,T组TNF-α、IL-1β水平明显下降（均P＜0.01）;T60组和T90组与T30组比较差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.01）,但T60组和T90组间无统计学差异。与C组比较,M组和T组IL-10表达显著下降（均P＜0.01）;与M组比较,T组IL-10水平明显升高（均P＜0.01）;但不同治疗剂量3组之间无统计学差异。与C组比较,M组和T组CT值均有显著提高（均P＜0.01）,但M组和T组间CT值无统计学差异;与M组比较,T组肺不张面积显著减小（均P＜0.01）,肺不张占单侧肺面积比T90组明显低于T30组（P＜0.01）,但T30和T60,T60和T90之间并无统计学差异。结论大剂量AMB能抑制实验性肺不张的炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β的表达,提升IL-10的表达,能减小肺不张面积。     

The immunology of corneal xenotransplantation: a review of the literature

As the worldwide demand for human donor corneas far exceeds supply, there is a need for a new source of corneas for clinical transplantation. Genetically engineered pigs may prove to be that new source, particularly as current evidence indicates that the anatomical and biomechanical properties of human and pig corneas are similar. Experience with clinical and experimental corneal xenotransplantation has been comprehensively reviewed and is summarized. Studies in small and large animal models have documented that both humoral and cellular immune responses play roles in xenograft rejection. Recent progress in the genetic manipulation of pigs has led to the prospect that clinical corneal xenotransplantation, in the absence of exogenous immunosuppressive therapy, may become successful in the foreseeable future.     

辐照猪皮与金因肽联合在儿童烧伤创面治疗中的应用

目的：观察辐照猪皮与金因肽在儿童Ⅱ度烧伤治疗中的作用。方法：治疗组清创后应用辐照猪皮与金因肽覆盖创面;对照组应用磺胺嘧啶银锌霜＋金因肽覆盖创面。临床选择65例患者（总共127个创面）,包括浅、深Ⅱ度烧伤,临床观察创面愈合时间、应用辐照猪皮与金因肽对全身情况的影响,后期瘢痕增生情况。结果：治疗组比对照组创面愈合时间明显缩短,治疗组明显优于对照组（P〈0.05）;患者未出现过敏反应和其他不良反应,后期随访瘢痕增生少。结论：辐照猪皮与金因肽联合治疗儿童Ⅱ度烧伤创面,可促进创面上皮化,明显缩短创面愈合时间,瘢痕增生少,疗效可靠。     

高胆固醇饮食对妊娠豚鼠胆囊AQPsmRNA及雌性激素受体的影响

目的 研究高胆固醇饮食对妊娠豚鼠胆囊运动及胆囊黏膜上皮水通道蛋白-1( AQP -1)和水通道蛋白-8(AQP -8)的影响.方法 60只妊娠豚鼠,随机分为实验组A组、B组和对照组,实验组给予致结石饮食(胆固醇含量分别为1％和0.5％)喂养8周.采用RT - PCR对其胆囊AQP -1与AQP -8进行检测,应用化学发...     

Understanding Pig and Poultry Trade Networks and Farming Practices Within the Pacific Islands as a Basis for Surveillance

Pacific Island countries have large pig and poultry populations. Yet little is known about patterns of contact between animals and how this influences disease spread in these islands. The objectives of this study were to examine farmer practices and the movements of pig and poultry within the Pacific Islands using questionnaires and social network analysis (SNA) tools to understand disease spread in the region. Questionnaire‐based surveys were conducted in Fiji, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Solomon Islands and Vanuatu with interviews of 310 pig farmers and 491 poultry farmers. Pacific Island farmers were found to have few animals (median = 7 pigs/farm, IQR 4–12), (median = 50 chicken/farm, IQR 23–52), (median = 10 ducks/farm, IQR 4–25), (median = 12 Muscovy ducks/farm, IQR 7–28) and a diversified number of species. A large proportion of farmers (44.6–61.3%) do not implement any preventive or control measures, yet the majority (80.6–88%) did not experience any animal diseases over the past 12 months. Most farmers never ask for veterinary care, never engage in laboratory testing and do not report when their animals show clinical signs. Many pig farmers (31.8%) trade within their communities only and sell (24.5%) directly to consumers which reduces the risk of diseases spreading. Our results show an association between farmers that report having had disease on their farm in the past 12 months and movements of animals on and off their farms. The capitals of the studied provinces in PNG, Vanuatu and Solomon Islands were identified as the most connected nodes of both pig and poultry trade, while Fiji networks appeared much less connected. Our study found that farmer practices increased the risk of disease spread, but this was currently limited by trading practices. The SNA results serve as a basis for more targeted disease surveillance and better use of available resources for disease prevention and control.     

Coagulation cascade activation triggers early failure of pig hearts expressing human complement regulatory genes

Abstract: Background: Hyperacute rejection (HAR) and early graft failure (EGF) have been described in a minority of pig‐to‐baboon heart transplants using organs transgenic for human complement regulatory proteins (hCRP). Here we investigate the role of coagulation cascade activation in the pathogenesis of HAR and EGF in a consecutive series where a high incidence of these outcomes was observed. Methods: Twenty‐eight naïve wild‐caught Papio anubis baboons received heterotopic heart transplants from pigs transgenic for hDAF (n = 23) or hMCP (n = 5). Immunosuppression consisted of cyclosporine A, cyclophosphamide and MMF (n = 18) or anti‐CD154 mAb (IDEC‐131) and ATG (n = 10). Eleven received anti‐Gal carbohydrates (GAS914, n = 8, or NEX1285, n = 3), of which four also underwent extracorporeal immunoadsorption (EIA), and 12 also received pharmacologic complement inhibitors (C1 INH, n = 9, or APT070, n = 3). Results: Excluding one technical failure, 14 of 27 transplants (11 hDAF, 3 hMCP) exhibited either HAR (n = 10) or EGF (n = 4). Surprisingly, neither complement inhibition (with C1 INH or APT070) nor anti‐Gal antibody depletion with GAS914, NEX1285, or additional EIA consistently prevented HAR or EGF despite low or undetectable complement deposition. Strikingly, most grafts with HAR/EGF exhibited prominent fibrinogen and platelet deposition associated with systemic coagulation cascade activation, consistent with non‐physiologic intravascular coagulation, in many instances despite little evidence for antibody‐mediated complement activation. Conclusion: We conclude that dysregulated coagulation correlates closely with and probably causes primary failure of pig hearts transgenic for hCRP. These data support efforts to define effective strategies to prevent dysregulated coagulation in pig organ xenografts.