Immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region analysis in dairy goats

Based on the goat genome database, we have annotated the genomic organization of the goat immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region. The goat IgH locus is present on seven genome scaffolds, and contains ten V_H, three D_H and six J_H segments. After the exclusion of three shorter segments, the V_H genes were divided into two gene families based on sequence similarity. By analyzing the IgH cDNA sequences, we further identified that V_H2 (54.2%), D_H1 (61.7%) and J_H1 (60.5%) segments were most frequently utilized in the expression of the immunoglobulin variable region, and that point mutations introduced by somatic hypermutation were the major mutation present in these expressed variable region. Compared with human and horses, D_H-D_H fusion occurred at a higher frequency in goat V(D)J recombination. These results provided variable insights into goat immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region genome loci and repertoire diversity.     

Neonatal administration of goat whey modulates memory and cortical spreading depression in rats previously suckled under different litter sizes: Possible role of sialic acid

Objectives: Goat whey, a usually discarded byproduct from goat cheese manufacturing, is a good source of sialic acid (SA), an oligosaccharide that is involved in processes such as memory and brain excitability. Here, we investigated in rats the effect of dried goat whey (DGW) on memory and the brain excitability-dependent phenomenon known as cortical spreading depression (CSD). We also provide evidence for the involvement of SA in this effect. In addition, we tested animals under unfavorable suckling conditions to evaluate whether nutritional deficiency would modulate DGW action.

Methods: Wistar rats were suckled in litters with 9 and 15 pups (groups L₉ and L₁₅, respectively). From postnatal (P) days 7–14, the animals received per gavage 17.45?g of DGW/kg/day, or SA (20?mg/kg/day or 100?mg/kg/day). At P28-30, we tested the animals’ memory in the object recognition paradigm. At P35-45 we recorded CSD and analyze its velocity of propagation, amplitude, and duration.

Results: In the object recognition test, the L₁₅ DGW-treated rats performed better than the L₁₅-controls. The L₁₅ rats displayed higher CSD velocities compared with L₉ groups. The DGW and SA groups exhibited higher CSD velocity than the naïve- and saline-treated controls, regardless the lactation status (P?Discussion: Our results documented a novel effect of DGW on memory and CSD. SA dose-dependently facilitated CSD, suggesting its involvement on the DGW action. DGW is considered a potential supplement to improve brain development and function in malnourished children, and this shall be further translationally investigated.     

山羊颞下颌关节强直病理模型的建立

目的：建立山羊颞下颌关节强直病理模型,以进一步探讨颞下颌关节强直的病因。方法：取山羊9只,随机等分为3组。分别采用破坏关节表面软骨、破坏关节表面软骨＋去除关节盘、破坏关节表面软骨＋去除关节盘＋关节腔内植骨3种不同手段制作模型。术后3个月后观察颞下颌关节强直的形成情况。结果：关节软骨破坏＋去除关节盘组全部发生强直;保留关节盘者无一例发生强直;植骨组仅2只山羊发生关节黏连。强直者,光镜下表现为髁突与关节窝间类骨质形成;未强直者。光镜下表现为关节表面破坏。结论：去除关节盘＋关节软骨破坏形成的TMJ强直,具有可重复性、短期内发生以及良好的相似性,接近人类病变发生的过程．是一种较好的制作颞下颌关节强直模型方法。     

不同压迫速率下羊颈脊髓的病理变化研究

目的:建立羊颈脊髓压迫动物实验模型,观察不同压迫速率下羊脊髓微血管情况和神经细胞凋亡规律,探讨脊髓损伤机制。方法:28只10~12个月山羊,质量25~30 kg,随机分为4个实验组(每组6只),对照组(4只)。所有山羊在麻醉后均经第二、三颈椎间孔置入6Fr一次性无菌双腔导尿管,球囊部位于硬膜囊前侧,末端留置体外。实验组导管内注入总量相等的0.9%氯化钠液:A组,0.7 mL/d;B组,0.1 mL/d;C组,0.05 mL/d;D组,0.025 mL/d。对照组导管内不注入0.9%氯化钠液。随后,处死山羊,取受压迫脊髓段做病理检查;采用HE染色观察颈脊髓形态学变化,采用末端标记法(TUNEL)检测细胞凋亡,采用免疫组化法检测CD34的表达。结果:HE染色结果显示,从A组到D组,羊脊髓神经细胞损伤逐渐加重;TUNEL法检测结果显示,D组细胞凋亡细胞比例显著高于对照组(P<0.05);免疫组化法结果显示,B组CD34阳性表达率显著高于对照组及其他3个实验组(P<0.05)。结论:压迫速率不同可以引起山羊脊髓不同的病理变化,缓慢而长期的压迫给颈脊髓造成的损伤最大;受压前期脊髓微血管增多,这可能是脊髓内源性保护机制之一。     

Application of the Reverse Line Blot Assay for the Molecular Detection of Theileria and Babesia sp. in Sheep and Goat Blood Samples from Pakistan

Background

The present study was designed to detect the presence of tick-borne parasites (Theileria and Babesia spp.) in 196 blood samples collected from apparently healthy sheep and goats from two provinces, Punjab and Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa, in Pakistan.

Methods

Reverse line blot (RLB) assay was applied for the parasitic detection by the amplification of hypervariable V4 region of the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. A membrane with covalently linked generic and species specific oligonucleotide probes was used for the hybridization of amplified PCR products.

Results

Parasites were detected in 16% of the ruminant blood samples under study. Two Theileria species, T. lestoquardi and T. ovis, were identified in samples. 25, of the total 32, infected animals were from Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa.

Conclusion

Sheep were more prone to tick borne haemoprotozans as 81% infected samples were sheep as compared to 19% goats (P > 0.001). Risk factor analysis revealed that male (P = 0.03), animals infested by ticks (P = 0.03) and herd composed of sheep only (P = 0.001) were more infected by blood parasites.     

Mandibular corpus bone strains during mastication in goats (Capra hircus): a comparison of ingestive and rumination chewing

Objective

To compare the mechanical loading environment of the jaw in goats during ingestive and rumination chewing.

Design

Rosette strain gauges were attached to the external surface of the mandibular corpus in five goats to record bone strains during the mastication of hay and rumination.

Results

Strain magnitudes and maximum physiological strain rates during the mastication of hay are significantly higher than during rumination chewing on the working and balancing sides. Principal strain ratios and orientations are similar between the two chewing behaviours. Loading and chewing cycle duration are all longer during rumination chewing, whereas chew duty factor and variances in load and chewing cycle durations are higher during ingestive chewing. For most of the variables, differences in strain magnitudes or durations are similar at all three gauge sites, suggesting that rumination and ingestive chewing do not differentially influence bone at the three gauge sites.

Conclusions

Despite lower strain magnitudes, the repetitive nature of rumination chewing makes it an important component of the mechanical loading environment of the selenodont artiodactyl jaw. However, similarities in principal strain orientations and ratios indicate that rumination chewing need not be considered as a unique loading behaviour influencing the biomechanics of the selenodont artiodactyl jaw. Differences in loading and chewing cycle durations during rumination and ingestion demonstrate flexibility in adult chewing frequencies. Finally, although the low within-sequence variability in chewing cycle durations supports the hypothesis that mammalian mastication is energetically efficient, chewing during rumination may not be more efficient than during ingestion.     

安徽及周边省份绵羊和山羊隐孢子虫分子特性分析

目的　调查安徽及周边省份绵羊和山羊隐孢子虫流行情况及分子特性。方法　选择安徽省及其周边的河南、江苏和山东部分地区的7个规模化绵羊场和10个规模化山羊场,分别采集832份和781份新鲜绵羊和山羊粪便样品,利用隐孢子虫SSU rDNA基因特异的巢氏PCR技术对所有样品进行检测,调查上述地区绵羊和山羊隐孢子虫感染和虫种分布;对获得的微小隐孢子虫和泛在隐孢子虫进行gp60基因扩增与分析,以鉴定其基因亚型。结果　安徽及周边省份绵羊和山羊隐孢子虫感染率分别为5.8%（48/832）和8.7%（68/781）。SSU rDNA基因分析显示,绵羊感染的隐孢子虫为肖氏隐孢子虫和泛在隐孢子虫,山羊感染的隐孢子虫为微小隐孢子虫。gp60基因分析显示,泛在隐孢子虫基因亚型均为XIIa亚型2,微小隐孢子虫基因亚型均为IIdA19G1。结论　人兽共患泛在隐孢子虫XIIa亚型2和微小隐孢子虫 IIdA19G1基因亚型的鉴定,提示绵羊和山羊可能为人隐孢子虫感染的潜在来源。     

山羊牙釉质电子自旋共振的剂量学特性

目的 探讨山羊牙釉质电子自旋共振(ESR)的剂量学的特性.方法 采用机械和化学处理相结合的方法,制备5组不同年龄的山羊牙釉质样品.用137 Cs γ射线照射山羊牙釉质样品,使用ESR波谱仪测量辐射前和不同辐射剂量后不同牙釉质样品的ESR信号.结果 137Cs γ射线照射前,山羊牙釉质所固有的ESR本底信号平均值为21.5,明显低于人的平均本底强度水平39.5;与人牙釉质相同,山羊牙釉质照射后产生的剂量学信号的强度与照射剂量线性相关,5组100 mg山羊牙釉质样品,其剂量学峰的辐射灵敏度的平均值为(34.3±1.9)/Gy,与人牙釉质样品的辐射响应平均值36.3/Gy非常接近.结论 人类牙釉质样品缺乏时,可以用相同辐射环境中的山羊牙釉质作为替代品进行剂量重建,为正确地评价辐射事故剂量提供科学依据.

Abstract：

Objectlve To study the properties of goat tooth enamel electron spin resonance (ESR)dosimetry.Methods Tootll enamel samples of goats were achieved by combined mechanical and chemical treatment at the ages of l,2,3,5,and 6 years.respectively and 9 enamel samples of adult molar were obtained.These enamel samples were exposed to 137Cs γ-rays at the cumulative doses of 0,0.5,1.0,2.0,and 5.0 Gy,respectively.ESR spectra Was measured before and after exposure.Results The background signal of goat tooth samples W88 21.5,significantly lower than that of the adult molar samples(39.5).The dusimetric signal intensity of the goat enamel increased with the radiation dose in a linear manner just as that of the human molars.The average radiation sensitivity of the goat tooth samples was(34.3±1.9)/Gy,close to that of the human tooth samples.Conclusions Goat teeth can be used for retrospective radiation dose reconstruction when human teeth are unavailable,in order to previde scientific data for dose reconstruction accurately.     

全颞下颌关节置换稳定性的实验研究

目的通过建立山羊全颞下颌关节置换模型,探讨采用人工全颞下颌关节假体进行关节置换的稳定性及可行性。方法取健康成年山羊6只,雌雄各半,体重35.3～37.0 kg。根据山羊颞下颌关节正侧位X线片测量所得参数,结合同种山羊头骨形状制备人工全颞下颌关节假体;随机取山羊一侧颞下颌关节进行全关节置换,作为实验组(n=6);并根据假体放置部位不同(关节窝及髁突)进行观察。另一侧颞下颌关节植入钛板,作为对照组(n=6)。术后观察实验动物一般情况,并于4、8、12周取材行大体、组织学及扫描电镜观察钉-骨界面结构变化;并行剪切力及ALP活性检测,观察钉-骨界面的结合程度及成骨细胞活性。结果实验动物均存活至实验完成,开口度正常,咀嚼功能恢复良好,能够正常进食。术后4、8、12周,实验组假体与对照组钛板均固位良好,固位钛钉无松动脱落。组织学及扫描电镜观察提示随着时间延长两组钉-骨界面成骨细胞逐渐增多。除术后4周实验组关节窝部位固位钛钉剪切力及ALP活性与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)外;其余各时间点组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论采用人工全颞下颌关节假体对山羊行关节置换后能获得较好的稳定性。     

孕晚期宫内修补胎羊腹壁缺损的初步实验研究

目的探讨孕晚期行宫内手术修补胎羊腹壁缺损的可行性。方法取8只孕110～115 d的健康山羊,体重14～22 kg,随机分为两组,分别为可吸收缝线组(A组,3只)及生物型补片组(B组,5只)。两组首先切除胎羊全层腹壁分别制备大小约5 cm×1 cm及5 cm×2 cm的腹壁缺损模型后,分别采用可吸收缝线缝合及两层生物型补片修补腹壁缺损。观察术后母羊及出生后小羊一般情况;于出生后第10天处死小羊观察腹腔内粘连情况,并取切口瘢痕组织行生物力学测定和组织学观察。结果术后共3只母羊流产,其中A组1只,B组2只;其余母羊均顺利娩出小羊。A组小羊腹壁切口愈合好,瘢痕呈线形,腹腔内粘连轻;瘢痕厚度为4～5 mm。B组小羊腹壁切口均未完全愈合,腹腔内粘连轻;瘢痕厚度为3～4 mm。生物力学测定A组瘢痕组织皮条断裂力为16、20 N,B组为10、14、18 N。组织学观察示,A组瘢痕组织范围小;B组见皮肤溃疡面和其下的纤维结缔组织,伴炎性细胞浸润。结论 孕晚期行宫内手术修补胎羊腹壁缺损可行;对于腹壁缺损较小者可直接缝合修补,缺损较大者可采用生物型补片修补。