肝细胞癌与肝内周围型胆管细胞癌的螺旋CT动态增强与病理分析

目的 分析肝细胞癌与肝内周围型胆管细胞癌的螺旋CT动态增强特征.方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的80例肝细胞癌和21例肝内周围型胆管细胞癌的螺旋CT动态增强特点.结果 80例肝细胞癌共116个癌灶,增强动脉期均呈明显强化.门静脉期多表现为相对低密度(97/116),其中86个瘤灶高于动脉期密度,延迟扫描116个瘤灶强化程度不同程度下降,与邻近正常肝实质相比呈相对低密度,其中73个瘤灶高于动脉期密度;116个HCC中,64个呈现马赛克征,37个呈现假包膜征.肝内周围型胆管癌增强动脉期19例呈边缘环状强化,2例无强化,门静脉期14例呈中心片状、团簇状强化,5例延迟扫描中心强化更明显.结论 螺旋CT多期增强扫描特别是肝动脉期和延迟扫描,是肝细胞癌和肝内周围型胆管细胞癌诊断和鉴别诊断的关键扫描技术,肝细胞癌和肝内周围型胆管细胞癌增强后时间密度变化及对比剂在瘤内分布的差别,能大致反映肿瘤的病理学特征,为二者的诊断和鉴别诊断提供了重要的影像学依据.     

大鼠移植肝胆道系统不同部位异质性对缺血再灌注损伤耐受性差异的比较

目的 研究胆道系统不同部位胆管上皮细胞的异质性以及胆管周围血管丛构筑形式的不同,对缺血再灌注损伤耐受性的差异.方法 30只SD大鼠随机分成3组,Ⅰ组(假手术组),Ⅱ组(胆道缺血1 h再灌注1 h组),Ⅲ组(胆道缺血1 h再灌注2 h组).对肝门部胆管、胆总管近端及小叶间胆管的上皮细胞行凋亡(TUNEL法)检测、病理形态学评分和超微结构的定量分析.结果 Ⅱ组的细胞凋亡及病理形态评分在胆总管近端与小叶间胆管无统计学差异(P＞0.05),但肝门部损伤较重(P＜0.05);线粒体平均体积(V)及微绒毛面积密度(AMv)比较在肝门部最重,胆总管近端最轻(P＜0.05).在Ⅲ组以上各指标都表现为肝门部最重,小叶间胆管次之,胆总管近端最轻(P＜0.05).结论 胆管上皮细胞的异质性以及周围血管丛不同部位构筑形式的不同导致了胆道系统各部位损伤程度的差异.该结果为解释肝门部胆管狭窄高发率的临床表现提供了一定的实验基础.胆总管近端损伤最轻这一结果提示,在临床肝移植中,应尽量以胆总管近端作为最佳吻合部位.     

腕尺桡偏运动时腕韧带长度变化的活体研究

目的 研究腕关节在尺桡偏运动过程中,腕关节韧带长度的变化.方法 对6名志愿者腕关节进行CT扫描,获得腕关节在桡偏20°至尺偏40°内每隔20°的运动范围内各腕骨及尺桡骨远段三维重建图像.男3名,女3名,仅研究单侧右侧腕关节.年龄20～32岁,平均24岁.在腕关节尺桡偏运动过程中,在重建各腕骨及尺桡骨结构图像上以软件测量掌、背侧腕韧带的长度.结果 腕关节尺偏时桡舟头韧带、长桡月韧带、背侧腕间韧带止于舟骨、大多角骨和小多角骨部分的长度较中立位显著伸长,分别伸长(2.4±0.3)mm、(2.3±0.8)mm、(1.2±0.6)mm、(1.2±1.2)mm与(2.6±1.0)mm,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);腕关节桡偏时尺头韧带与背侧桡腕韧带长度显著伸长(P＜0.05),分别为(0.8±0.6)mm和(1.0±0.5)mm.结论 在腕关节尺桡偏运动时,桡舟头韧带、长桡月韧带、背侧腕间韧带于桡偏位缩短,尺头韧带、背侧桡腕韧带长度于尺偏位缩短.这些位置可能使不同腕韧带张力降低,有利于损伤韧带的修复.     

多排CT对胃癌腹膜转移术前预测的单中心大宗病例研究

目的探讨多排CT（MDCT）对胃癌腹膜转移术前预测的价值,基于胃癌MDCT征象探讨合理的腹腔镜探查指征。方法对640例胃癌患者术前行MDCT检查,其结果与手术病理结果相对照：同时．分析胃癌MDCT征象（浸润深度、淋巴结转移状况、肿瘤大小和肿瘤厚度）与腹膜转移状况的关系。结果MDCT对胃癌腹膜转移术前预测的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率分别为51．0％（25／49）、99．3％（587／591）、86．2％（25／29）、96．1％（587／611）和95．6％（612／640）。单因素分析显示。4项胃癌MDCT征象（浸润深度、淋巴结转移状况、肿瘤大小和肿瘤厚度）均与胃癌腹膜转移状况密切相关（P=0．000）,MDCT判断为T0-2NxM0或TxN0M0期的胃癌病例均无腹膜转移：受试者工作特征（ROC）分析进一步显示,肿瘤大小和肿瘤厚度对预测胃癌腹膜转移状况具有较高的临床应用价值（ROC曲线下面积分别为0．83和0．75）;多因素分析显示,仅肿瘤大小与胃癌腹膜转移状况密切相关。结论MDCT对胃癌腹膜转移术前预测具有较高的准确率和临床应用价值：对MDCT判断为T0～2NxM0或TxN0M0期,或肿瘤较小的胃癌病例,由于其腹膜转移的发生概率较小而无需行腹腔镜探查。     

64排螺旋CT多层灌注成像对结直肠癌的临床应用

目的研究结直肠癌（CRC）的64排螺旋CT（64MDCT）灌注成像时间-密度曲线（TDC）及诸参数与肿瘤分期、浆膜浸润、淋巴结及远处转移和CEA等的关系。方法对33例CRC患者进行64MDCT多层灌注成像检查。绘制所选层面靶动脉、靶静脉及肿瘤感兴趣区（ROI）的TDC。CT灌注的参数包括：血流量（BF）、血容量（BV）、平均通过时间（MTT）和表面通透性（PS）。肿瘤按TNM分期,TDC根据形态进行分型。对CT灌注参数与TNM分期、浆膜浸润、淋巴结及远处转移和CEA等诸因素的相关性进行统计学分析。结果CRC的TDC分为5种类型,TNM分期中各期的TDC可表现为5型中的一种或多种。CRC的灌注参数在各期中的差异无统计学意义,BV、MTT与浆膜浸润有关（t=2．63和-2．24,P=0．0137和0．0331）,Bv与肿瘤大小存在正相关（r=0．41,P=0．02）,BF、MTT与肿瘤分期、浆膜浸润、淋巴结转移、远处转移和CEA等均无关（P〉0．05）。结论MDCT多层灌注成像可反映CRC的血流灌注状况．可能为临床治疗方案提供客观依据。     

采用多排螺旋CT评价肠系膜动脉栓塞致急性肠缺血的实验研究

目的评估多排螺旋CT（MDCT）检测动脉堵塞性急性肠缺血（ABI）的早期征象及其动态演化规律。方法12只巴马猪,随机分成4组,每组3只。经股动脉穿刺、插管行肠系膜上动脉（SMA）造影．用明胶海绵和血凝块栓塞其部分空肠和同肠分支。,于术前和术后3、6、9及12h用MDCT进行平扫和增强后动脉、静脉和延迟3期扫描,并用容积再现（VR）、最大强度投影（MIP）和薄层最大强度投影（TSMIP）技术进行肠系膜帆管重建。与DSA对比,观察CT血管造影（CTA）显示肠系膜血管正常解剖、SMA栓塞、肠系膜和肠道结构变化,比较栓塞后各时间点的动态变化。结果12只实验猪均显示ABI病理改变．随时间延长,缺血呈进行性加重。CTA显示全部57支栓塞粗管：34支未栓塞血管巾．CTA显示29支通畅．5支中断：CTA对栓塞血管的敏感性和特异性分别为100％和85．3％。TSMIP显示栓塞远端梳状分支血管和毛刷状密集直血管消失．以此标准,TSMIP正确定性24个栓塞肠段中23个和1全部12个正常肠段．敏感性和特异性分别为95．8％和100％。术后各时间点栓塞Ⅸ和非柃塞区肠壁强化值的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）．．术后3h栓塞区三期的强化值均较术前明显降低,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．001）：随栓塞时间延长肠壁强化呈减低趋势。栓塞3h后12只猪中有10只出现肠腔扩张、积液,且随时间延长程度加重。结论MDCT及CTA诊断动脉堵塞性ABI的早期直接征象为SMA血管中断．远端梳状或毛刷状密集直血管消失和肠段强化减弱：间接征象为肠腔扩张及积液：且这些征象具有一定的动态演化规律。     

超声内镜和CT检查对判断食管癌根治性切除的临床价值

目的探讨超声内镜（EUS）和CT对判断食管癌能否根治性切除的临床价值。方法回顾性分析经手术治疗的746例食管癌患者的临床资料．按术前所行检查分为CT组（480例）、EUS组（151例）和EUS加CT组（115例）,采用双盲法,对EUS和CT影像进行回顾性阅片,并将各组结果和手术病理结果进行对照研究。结果CT组、EUS组和EUS加CT组患者的手术根治性切除率分别为91．0％、93．4％和93．9％：3组间差异无统计学意义（X2=1．551,P=0．484）。CT组、EUS组和EUS加CT组术前判断手术根治切除率分别为81．7％、94．7％和96．5％（Xz=15．131,P=0．000;x2=15．662,P=0．000：X2=0．502．P=0．346）;诊断主动脉受侵率分别为91．3％、98．7％和98．3％（X2=9．764,P=0．000;x2=6．659,P=0．004;x2=0．076,P=0．581）;诊断气管支气管受侵率分别为91.3％、96．0％和98．3％（X2=3．729,P=0．034;X2=6．659,P=0．004;X2=1．117,P=0．248）。结论EUS诊断食管癌根治切除和主动脉受侵的临床价值高于CT：EUS和CT诊断气管支气管受侵的价值均较低：与单独应用EUS相比．CT和EUS的联合应用未能显著提高诊断食管癌的根治切除率。     

32例十二指肠外瘘的营养支持

目的 总结十二指肠外瘘的营养治疗经验.方法 对1999年1月至2009年12月间收治的32例十二指肠外瘘患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 32例患者平均接受35.6（8～82） d的营养支持疗法,其中8例接受全肠外营养支持（TPN）,2例接受全肠内营养支持（TEN）,22例接受肠外肠内联合营养支持（PN加EN）.11例患者进行了肠液回输;28例予以谷氨酰胺强化;22例肠瘘初期加用了生长抑素.本组24例十二指肠外瘘患者经非手术治愈,自然愈合率为75.0%;8例接受手术,治愈6例,死亡2例（分别死于严重腹腔感染和多系统器官衰竭）;共计30例患者痊愈出院.结论 肠外肠内营养支持结合肠液回输、强化谷氨酰胺、生长抑素等措施,可促进十二指肠外瘘愈合.     

老年男性下尿路症状伴逼尿肌过度活动患者临床及尿动力学特点分析

Objective To study the change of clinical and urodynamic parameters in the patients with lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS) caused by detrusor overactivity (DO). Methods Two hundred and twenty-seven patients with LUTS underwent clinical evaluation from October 2006 to December 2008, including Prostate Volume (PV), International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Peak Flow rate (PF) and Residual Urine (RU) measurement. Pressure flow studies were performed. The detrusor overactivity was recorded to classify the patients into 2 groups, DO group and none DO group. The clinical and urodynamic parameters were compared between the two groups. Results Mean patient age was 70 years (range 52 to 89). According to the urodynamic results, there were 126 patients in DO group and 101 patients in none DO group. The mean patients age was older in DO group than the none DO group(P＜0.05). Adjusted by age, the PV, PF, and RU were no different between the two groups(P>0.05). The mean first sensation of bladder, bladder compliance, cystometric capacity, bladder outlet obstruction parameters, single voiding volume and max detrusor pressure during contraction were different between the two groups(P＜0.05). Conclusions The main risk factors of DO are the ageing and BOO. The non invasive parameters such as PV、 PF、 and RU could not be used to judge DO. The changes of urodynamic parameters caused by DO were hyperaesthesia of bladder、lower bladder compliance、 higher max detrusor pressure and lower max cystometric capacity. This study emphasis the importance of the urodynamic studies in the aged patients with LUTS.     

Experience in treating congenital esophageal atresia in China

Purpose

The aim of the study was to evaluate our recent experience in treating esophageal atresia (EA) and the outcomes observed at a single center for pediatric surgery.

Materials and Methods

The records of infants with EA from 2006 to 2009 were reviewed. Birth weight, associated anomalies, details of management, complications, and outcomes were examined.

Results

Forty-eight consecutive infants with EA were identified from 2006 to 2009, of which 33 (69%) were boys. Mean birth weight was 2668 g (range, 1700-3800 g). Common associated malformations (35%) were cardiac anomalies, imperforate anus, limb anomalies, and chromosomal anomalies. Forty-seven were Gross type C, and one was Gross type A. Forty-five infants underwent ligation of the tracheoesophageal fistula and end-to-side primary anastomosis, and one received a colonic interposition. Six patients died (12.5% mortality). Three died before or during operation because of severe pneumonia and complex cardiac anomalies, and 3 died during recovery (within 1 month after repair) because of aspiration and severe pneumonia (early postoperative mortality was 6.67%). Complications included pneumonia, anastomotic leakage (16%, all recovered after conservative treatment), wound sepsis (11%), recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula (9%) (3/4 recovered after conservative treatment), anastomotic stricture (10%), and gastroesophageal reflux in about 2 of 3 patients. Preoperative computed tomographic imaging and 3-dimensional graphic reconstruction used in 15 patients were useful.

Conclusions

Most patients with EA have excellent short- to midterm surgical outcomes. The main factors for mortality are complex cardiac anomalies, aspiration, and pneumonia. Computed tomographic imaging and 3-dimensional graphic reconstruction can provide surgeons with excellent preoperative reference about the anatomy of the defect. Most anastomotic related complications resolve with conservative treatment. Patients of low-risk prognosis group with type A and long gap EA can be managed with a primary colonic interposition with good results. The main midterm complications are gastroesophageal reflux and stricture.