胰高血糖素衍生物在大肠杆菌的克隆表达和纯化

 目的 通过基因工程途径获得胰高血糖素衍生物。 方法 根据胰高血糖素基因及凝血酶酶切位点序列，分段合成引物行 PCR 扩增，以 PCR 扩增得到的胰高血糖素-甘氨酸基因序列和 pET-30a 质粒转化 E.coli DH5α，获得重组质粒 pET-G。将重组质粒 pET-G 转化至 E.coli BL21(DE3)，重组菌株命名为 E.coli BL21[pET-G]。以异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导表达，对表达产物进行SDS-Tricine- PAGE[十二烷基硫酸钠-三（羟甲基）甲基甘氨酸-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳]分析和蛋白质印迹分析。对表达产物行Ni2+-NTA亲和层析纯化、凝血酶酶切和高效液相色谱（HPLC）纯化后，行 SDS-Tricine-PAGE分析和飞行质谱分析，并以 ELISA 方法检测其免疫活性。 结果 PCR 扩增获得的条带与预期的DNA表达片段大小一致，重组质粒 pET-G 测序结果与预期完全一致。SDS- Tricine-PAGE 和蛋白质印迹分析显示 E.coli BL21（DE3）的表达产物相对分子质量与预期相符。经亲和层析纯化、凝血酶酶切和 HPLC 纯化后得到了完整的重组胰高血糖素-甘氨酸衍生物，SDS-Tricine-PAGE 分析显示其相对分子质量约为 3500，飞行质谱分析相对分子质量为 3531，二者基本一致。ELISA 检测表明重组胰高血糖素-甘氨酸衍生物具有胰高血糖素免疫活性。 结论 采用基因工程技术在大肠杆菌中成功表达了胰高血糖素-甘氨酸衍生物，为通过体外酰胺化途径研制酰胺化胰高血糖素奠定了基础。     

CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF cDNA FOR HUMAN LYMPHO-TOXIN

人淋巴毒素（ｈＬＴ）系由淋巴细胞经抗原或有丝分裂原活化后产生的一类细胞因子，它具有抗瘤、抗病毒活性和许多重要的免疫调节作用，是一种非常有前途的生物制剂。近年来发现的膜相关型淋巴毒素更提示ｈＬＴ可能具有尚未被揭示的免疫调节活性。因此，克隆人ＬＴｃＤＮＡ并在大肠杆菌表达重组ｈＬＴ，对于ｈＬＴ的开发利用和研究其功能都具有重要意义。本实验按照公布的ｈＬＴｃＤＮＡ序列，经计算机分析并结合实验要求设计并合成一对ＰＣＲ引物，采用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术从ＰＨＡ／ＰＭＡ活化２４ｈ的人Ｔ细胞系Ｊｕｒｋａｔ细胞总ＲＮＡ扩增出一５４１ｂｐＤＮＡ片段；经α－互补筛选，质粒小量快速抽提，限制性内切酶酶切鉴定，将该片段定向克隆于ｐＵＣ１８、ｐＵＣ１９质粒载体。限制性内切酶图谱分析和Ｓａｎｇｅｒ双脱氧链终止法序列测定表明：该ＤＮＡ片段与公布的人淋巴毒素ｃＤＮＡ序列完全一致。它包括编码人淋巴毒素成熟肽的全部ｃＤＮＡ序列。再进一步将该ｃＤＮＡ片段克隆于原核表达载体ｐＢＶ２２０，经地高辛标记探针菌落原位杂交筛选，限制性内切酶酶切鉴定方向，筛选出一阳性重组子ｐＢＶ－ｈＬＴ。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔｉｎｇ分析表明：经温控诱导，该重组菌成功     

重组人脑髓鞘碱性蛋白及其抗体的研究

将EcoR1和SalⅠ酶切的人脑髓鞘碱性蛋白（MBP）基因cDNA克隆片段与表达载体pGEX-5T重组后转化大肠杆菌，经筛选，增殖和IPTG诱导，阳性克隆SDS－PAGE结果证实表达一条特异42KDa区带，Western印记杂交证实该区带具MBP抗原特异性，免疫斑点杂交和ELISA检测表达产量占菌体可溶性蛋白含量6％，达到414.6mg/L菌液，将含可溶性MBP蛋白的菌液后SDS－PAGE分离纯化得重组MBP抗原，对新西兰兔进行背部皮下多点注射，5次免疫后以琼脂板免疫双扩法检测抗效价达1：16，并通过免疫斑点杂交和Western印亦杂交证实证抗体具抗MBP特异性。     

Antigen DNA isolated from immune complexes in plasma of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus hybridizes with the Escherichia coli lac Z gene.

Antigen DNA was isolated from immune complexes in plasma of three patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using affinity column. The antigen DNA thus obtained was subjected to hybridization experiments in order to investigate its origin. Unexpectedly, plasmid pUC18 used as a probe was found to hybridize with the antigen DNA, pUC18 was then cleaved into three fragments with the restriction enzyme HaeII. A 445-bp fragment containing lac Z DNA hybridized with the antigen DNA. Finally, the lacZ DNA itself was found to hybridize with the antigen DNA. These data strongly suggest that the antigen DNA obtained from three patients is of bacterial origin.     

Gentamicin susceptibility in Escherichia coli related to the genetic background: problems with breakpoints

In total, 120 Escherichia coli isolates positive for one of the gentamicin resistance (GEN(R)) genes aac(3)-II, aac(3)-IV or ant(2')-I were tested for gentamicin susceptibility by the agar dilution method. Isolates positive for aac(3)-IV or ant(2')-I had an MIC distribution of 8-64 mg/L, whereas isolates positive for aac(3)-II had MICs of 32 to >512 mg/L, suggesting a relationship between the distribution of MICs and the specific GEN(R) mechanism. The MIC distribution, regardless of the GEN(R) mechanism, was 8 - >512 mg/L, which supports the clinical breakpoint of MIC >4 mg/L suggested by EUCAST and questions the breakpoint recommended by the CLSI (> or =16 mg/L).     

Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and therapeutic implications

Widespread antibiotic resistance has been recognized in Escherichia coli isolates from human, animal and environmental sources. Although prevalence rates for resistant E. coli strains are significantly distinct for various populations and environments, the impact of resistance to antimicrobial drugs is ubiquitous. This article provides information about the epidemiology, mechanisms and molecular principles of resistance, shows consequences for the antiinfective treatment of selected infections and describes measures to control the spread of antibiotic-resistant E. coli.     

Molecular characterisation of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates at a tertiary-care centre in Lebanon

The prevalence of bla _CTX-M, bla _TEM and bla _SHV genes among extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing clinical isolates of Escherichia coli ( n  = 50) and Klebsiella spp. ( n  = 50) from Lebanon was 96%, 57% and 67%, and 40%, 82% and 84%, respectively. Genotyping revealed that the clonal diversity was unrelated to the presence of bla genes. Sequence analysis of 16 selected isolates identified the bla _CTX-M-15, bla _TEM-1, bla _OXA-1 and six bla _SHV genes, as well as the gene encoding the quinolone-modifying enzyme AAC(6')-Ib-cr. The genes encoding CTX-M-15 and AAC(6')-Ib-cr were carried on a 90-kb plasmid of the pC15-1a or pCTX-15 type, which transferred both ESBL production and quinolone resistance from donors to transconjugants.     

Internalization of extraintestinal Escherichia coli O18 strains by epithelial cells is modulated by EGF, insulin, and effectors of transmembrane signal transduction

Adhesion to and internalization into host cells is an essential step in the pathogenesis of various bacterial infections. Here we investigated the effects of growth factors on the internalization of Escherichia coli O18 strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) by human epithelial cells. A dramatic increase in the uptake of Escherichia coli was observed after treatment of epithelial cells with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and to a lower extent with insulin. EGF-dependent internalization can be suppressed by tyrosine kinase inhibitors suggesting an involvement of the receptor tyrosine kinases in the regulation of the endocytotic process. Inhibitors of phospholipase A2, lipoxygenase, and cyclooxygenase significantly decreased internalization of bacteria induced by EGF. Finally, the specific inhibitor of PI 3-kinases Wortmannin was shown to suppress completely the EGF-independent internalization. The data of this analysis indicate the involvement of several signaling paths in bacterial internalization of uropathogenic Escherichia coli O18 strains and contribute to the comprehension of the pathogenesis of recurrent UTI.     

Comparison of screening methods for detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and their prevalence among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species in Hong Kong

Three tests, the disk diffusion test, the double-disc synergy test and the inhibitor-potentiated disc diffusion test, were compared for their abilities to detect production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) in 702 Escherichia coli and 472 Klebsiella spp. strains from four hospitals. Eleven percent E. coli and 13% Klebsiella spp. were found to produce ESBL. As an indicator of ESBL activity, the sensitivities of the five extended-spectrum beta-lactams were as follows: cefotaxime (100%), cefpodoxime (99.3%), ceftriaxone (98.6%), aztreonam (93%) and ceftazidime (57.7%) when interpreted using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards criteria. Their positive predictive values ranged from 67.8-83.8%. Both the inhibitor-potentiated disc diffusion test and the double-disc synergy test (at three inter-disc widths of 20, 25 and 30 mm) were capable of identifying all the ESBL-producers. However, at a single inter-disc width of 30 mm, the double-disc synergy test has limited sensitivity (83.8%). As a second test for confirming ESBL activity in strains with reduced susceptibility to beta-lactams, the inhibitor-potentiated disc diffusion test is therefore a simple and reliable option.     

Investigation of function of the lactose operon of escherichia coli K-12 under the influence of nonspecific regulators

The possible role of cyclic AMP in the stimulating action of ACTH and hydrocortisone on the lactose operon ofEscherichia coli K-12 was investigated. It was shown that ACTH had no effect on strainsE. coli WZ-78/F'lac (cya₈₅₅) andE. coli CA 8001 (L₁), in which the system of regulation of the function of the lactose operon by cyclic AMP is disturbed. Meanwhile this hormone stimulates the lactose operon in wild-type strains:E. coli 200 PS/F'lac andE. coli 3000. Hydrocortisone stimulates the function of the lactose operon both in the wild-type strainE. coli 3000 and in the mutantE. coli CA 8001 (L₁). It is considered that the stimulating action of ACTH on the lactose operon is mediated through cyclic AMP and that hydrocortisone stimulates the function of the lactose operon independently of cyclic AMP.Research Laboratory of Experimental Immunobiology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 744–746, June, 1977.