Modeling the potential impact of vaccination on the epidemiology of congenital cytomegalovirus infection

Background

Understanding the potential for vaccination to change cytomegalovirus (CMV) epidemiology is important for developing CMV vaccines and designing clinical trials.

Methods

We constructed a deterministic, age-specific and time-dependent mathematical model of pathogen transmission, parameterized using CMV seroprevalence from the United States and Brazil, to predict the impact of vaccination on congenital CMV infection.

Findings

Concurrent vaccination of young children and adolescents would result in the greatest reductions in congenital CMV infections in populations with moderate and high baseline maternal seroprevalence. Such a vaccination strategy, assuming 70% vaccine efficacy, 90% coverage and 5-year duration of protection, could ultimately prevent 30–50% of congenital CMV infections. At equilibrium, this strategy could result in a 30% reduction in congenital CMV infections due to primary maternal infection in the United States but a 3% increase in Brazil. The potential for an increase in congenital CMV infections due to primary maternal infections in Brazil was not predicted with use of a vaccine that confers protection for greater than 5 years.

Interpretation

Modeling suggests that vaccination strategies that include young children will result in greater declines in congenital CMV infection than those restricted to adolescents or women of reproductive age. Our study highlights the critical need for better understanding of the relative contribution of type of maternal infection to congenital CMV infection and disease, the main focus of vaccine prevention.     

Significance of Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4) and CMV (HHV-5) infection among subtype-C human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals

Purpose: Opportunistic viral infections are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in HIV infection and their molecular detection in the whole blood could be a useful diagnostic tool. Objective: The frequency of opportunistic DNA virus infections among HIV-1-infected individuals using multiplex real-time PCR assays was studied. Materials and Methods: The subjects were in two groups; group 1: Having CD4 counts <100 cells/µl (n = 118) and the group 2: counts >350 cells/µl (n = 173). Individuals were classified by WHO clinical staging system. Samples from 70 healthy individuals were tested as controls. In-house qualitative multiplex real-time PCR was standardised and whole blood samples from 291 were tested, followed by quantitative real-time PCR for positives. In a proportion of samples genotypes of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and CMV were determined. Results: The two major viral infections observed were EBV and CMV. The univariate analysis of CMV load showed significant association with cryptococcal meningitis, oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), CMV retinitis, CD4 counts and WHO staging (P < 0.05) while the multivariate analysis showed an association with OHL (P = 0.02) and WHO staging (P = 0.05). Univariate analysis showed an association of EBV load with CD4 counts and WHO staging (P < 0.05) and multivariate analysis had association only with CD4 counts. The CMV load was significantly associated with elevated SGPT and SGOT level (P < 0.05) while the EBV had only with SGOT. Conclusion: This study showed an association of EBV and CMV load with CD4+ T cell counts, WHO staging and elevated liver enzymes. These viral infections can accelerate HIV disease and multiplex real-time PCR can be used for the early detection. Genotype 1 and 2 of EBV and genotype gB1 and gB2 of CMV were the prevalent in the HIV-1 subtype C-infected south Indians.     

161例低出生体重儿输血后巨细胞病毒感染情况调查分析

目的 研究探讨低出生体重儿血液制品输注的安全性.方法 收集161例输血（巨细胞病毒血清检测阴性）的低出生体重儿的尿液,利用荧光定量PCR的方法检测其巨细胞病毒的滴度,同时结合临床症状来评估低出生体重儿输血后巨细胞病毒的感染情况.结果 25例输注悬浮红细胞的患儿输血后,2例中患儿尿液中巨细胞病毒检测阳性;101例少白悬浮红细胞输注的患儿输血后,尿液中巨细胞病毒检测结果均为阴性;35例输注洗涤红细胞的患儿输血后,尿液中巨细胞病毒检测结果均为阴性（0％）.结论 输注巨细胞病毒血清检测阴性的少白悬浮红细胞与洗涤红细胞感染巨细胞病毒的几率与输注悬浮红细胞的感染几率有显著差异（P＜0.05）.     

高血压患者人巨细胞病毒感染率及其血浆中和抗体水平分析

目的 对高血压患者人巨细胞病毒（HCMV）感染率及其血浆中和抗体水平展开研究分析,研究高血压与人巨细胞病毒感染的相关性.方法 随机选取2011年12月-2013年12月期间接收治疗的50例高血压患者血标本作为观察组,同时选取50例健康体检人员的血标本作为对照组.对两组标本人巨细胞病毒特异性中和抗体、人巨细胞病毒特异性IgG和IgM、人巨细胞病毒特异性UL93 DNA进行检测.结果 观察组HCMV UL93 DNA的阳性率为72.0％,HCMV IgG阳性率为70.0％,HCMV IgM阳性率为4.0％;对照组HCMV UL93 DNA阳性率为54.0％,HCMV IgG阳性率为52.0％,HCMV IgM阳性率为2.0％;观察组HCMV UL93 DNA阳性率、HCMV IgG阳性率显著高于对照组,数据差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;两组HCMV IgM阳性率数据对比差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 高血压患者人巨细胞病毒感染率显著高于健康对照组,但特异性中和抗体水平较健康对照组显著下降,即高血压患者的人巨细胞病毒感染体液免疫状态不足,高血压与人巨细胞病毒感染显著相关.     

EB病毒和巨细胞病毒双重感染的传染性单核细胞增多症的临床特征

目的 探讨EB病毒（EBV）和巨细胞病毒（CMV）双重感染的传染性单核细胞增多症（IM）的临床特征.方法 回顾性总结21例由EBV和CMV双重感染导致IM的临床特点,并与单独EBV感染导致的IM病例进行比较.结果 ①两组间临床特点比较：双重感染组的发热持续时间显著长于EBV感染组（P＜0.01）,双重感染组的肝肿大发生率和脾肿大发生率均显著高于EBV感染组（分别P＜0.05,P＜0.01）.IM并发症,如血小板减少症、肺炎和贫血的发生率在双重感染组均显著高于EBV感染组（P＜0.01）.②各组间实验室指标比较：异型淋巴细胞百分比和肝功能异常的发生率在双重感染组均显著高于EBV感染组（P＜0.01）.结论 EBV和CMV双重感染IM常临床症状较重,发热持续时间较长,并发症如血小板减少症、肺炎和贫血的发生率较高.     

Risk for the occupational infection by cytomegalovirus among health-care workers

BackgroundCytomegalovirus (CMV) are ubiquitously distributed worldwide, causing a wide range of clinical manifestations from congenital infection to a life-threatening disease in immunocompromised individuals. CMV can be transmitted via human-to-human contact through body fluids; however, the risk of CMV infection among healthcare workers (HCWs) has not been fully evaluated.AimThis study aimed to assess the risk of CMV infection among HCWs through daily medical practices.MethodsSerum samples from HCWs at Osaka University Hospital (Japan) were analysed. Initially, we compared CMV IgG seropositivity among HCWs (medical doctors, nurses, and others) in 2017, which was examined after 1 year to evaluate seroconversion rates among those with seronegative results. Then, we examined CMV seroconversion rates in HCWs who were exposed to blood and body fluids.FindingsWe analysed 1153 samples of HCWs (386 medical doctors, 468 nurses, and 299 others), of which CMV seropositivity rates were not significantly different (68.9%, 70.3%, and 70.9%, respectively). Of these, 63.9% (221/346) of CMV seronegative HCWs were followed after 1 year, with CMV seroconversion rates of 3.2% (7/221). Among 72 HCWs who tested negative for CMV IgG when exposed to blood and body fluids, the CMV seroconversion rate was 2.8% (2/72). The CMV seroconversion rates between the two situations were not significantly different.ConclusionOur study indicated that CMV infection through daily patient care seems quite rare. Further well-designed studies with a large sample size are warranted to verify our finding.     

肾移植后巨细胞病毒肺炎的影像学诊断

目的 探讨肾移植术后巨细胞病毒（CMV）肺炎的影像学诊断。资料与方法 搜集13例肾移植术后CMV肺炎患者的临床、实验室以及胸片和CT检查资料,对其胸片和CT表现进行回顾性分析。结果 X线胸片早期表现基本正常或仅表现两肺纹理增多模糊,其中4例在3-7d内复查胸片,病灶发展迅速,可见磨玻璃影和大片状实变影,弥漫分布于两肺野内;CT主要影像学表现有两肺弥漫分布的磨玻璃影13例,小结节影9例,斑片状实变影8例及小叶间隔增厚7例等,其中以磨玻璃影最为常见,并通常与其他影像学表现混合存在。结论 X线胸片是肾移植术后CMV肺炎最基本的检查方法。CMV肺炎的影像学表现,尤其CT表现具有一定特点,结合临床可提示诊断。     

某肿瘤医院儿童血液病患者TORCH感染状况研究

目的 研究中国科学技术大学附属第一医院西区(安徽省肿瘤医院)儿童血液病患者TORCH感染的状况.方法 选取2015年11月—2019年7月在该院儿血科住院的354例患儿为研究对象,采用化学发光免疫测定仪检测患儿血TORCH的IgG、IgM抗体,分析354例患儿TORCH感染模式、年龄和疾病分布状况.结果 弓形虫(TOX...     

程新刘宝玲王海滨金壮张杰林CrumpackerClyde人刘宝玲王海滨金壮张杰林CrumpackerClyde巨细胞病毒临床分离株感染血管内皮细胞伴肾素基因表达

目的探讨巨细胞病毒（Cytomegalovirus,CMV）是否感染血管内皮细胞伴肾素表达。方法（1）用10^7pfu（空斑形成单位）／mlCMV临床分离株BI-5和实验室型CMVAD169分别与10^6腹主动脉内皮细胞和人脐静脉内皮细胞共同孵育,在23小时后、第3天、第7天、第10天和第14天分别收集培养上清200μl,第14天用PBS缓冲液洗细胞3次,收获细胞。每组实验均设培养液代替病毒液的无感染对照;（2）COBAS定量PCR检测培养上清中CMVDNA拷贝数;（3）PCR检测感染细胞中CMVpol基因;（4）RT—PCR、RealtimeRT—PCR和Westernblot检测肾素在感染细胞内的表达。结果（1）BI-5和AD169感染静脉和动脉细胞后,其形态学变化相似,无细胞裂解病理效应;（2）ADl69感染细胞不同时间培养上清中CMVDNA拷贝数无明显增加,BI-5呈增殖趋势;（3）BI-5感染动脉细胞CMVDNA拷贝数和肾素表达量均大于静脉细胞。结论临床分离株CMV以非裂解形式在血管内皮细胞持续存在并诱导肾素基因表达,血管内皮细胞分泌肾素可能是CMV感染引起心血管疾病的新机制。