铅中毒病人外周血淋巴细胞微核率的观察

目的：探讨铅对人体遗传物质的影响。方法：采用微核技术检测铅中毒病人的微核率，并与对照组进行比较。结果：病人组微核率为5．41‰，对照组微核率为1．40‰，病人组微核率明显高于对照组，经χ^2检验差异有显著意义（P〈0．001）。结论：铅可引起人体染色体的损伤。     

核黄素缺乏对人成淋巴细胞株遗传稳定性及细胞毒性影响初探

微量营养素(micronutrient)是许多酶的底物或辅酶成分,当其涉及维持基因组稳定性相关的生化反应时,供给状况及代谢特点就可能影响基因组稳定性,构成肿瘤风险因素[1,2]。其缺乏或代谢异常可使基因组稳定性下降,提高肿瘤危险度[4,5]。核黄素(riboflavin,VB2)是黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸的前体,参与机体生物氧化反应及能量代谢,VB2缺乏可引起亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase,MTHFR)的活力降低,引起叶酸代谢异常[6]。当叶酸水平较低或MTHFR活性降低时,通过同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,HCy)合成S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-aden…     

胞质分裂阻滞微核法对AT细胞高辐射敏感性的研究

目的 研究源于毛细血管扩张性共济失调症(ataxia-telangiectasia,AT)患者皮肤的成纤维细胞系AT5BIVA(AT细胞)的辐射敏感性.方法本实验以源于正常人皮肤的成纤维细胞系GM0639(GM细胞)为对照,采用胞质分裂阻滞微核法(Cytokinesis-Block micronucleus method),在AT细胞和GM细胞经60Co γ射线0、1、2、3、4 Gy照射后,观察比较AT细胞和GM细胞之间微核率及微核细胞率的差异,并分别进行曲线拟合.结果在1、2、3、4 Gy剂量照射下,AT细胞微核率及微核细胞率均明显高于GM细胞,其差异有非常显著性 (P＜0.01),并且两者微核率及微核细胞率均与剂量呈正相关,均可拟合成剂量效应直线方程y=a bx,微核率及微核细胞率直线回归方程斜率AT细胞明显大于GM细胞(P＜0.01).结论辐射敏感性AT细胞显著高于GM细胞,AT患者AT细胞具有高辐射敏感性.     

Genotoxicity studies of glycidol fatty acid ester (glycidol linoleate) and glycidol

Glycidol fatty acid esters (GEs) are found in refined edible oils. Safety concerns have been alleged due to the possible release of glycidol (G), an animal carcinogen.     

聚丁二酸丁二醇酯浸提液对人外周血单核细胞的体外遗传毒性

目的： 研究生物可降解材料聚丁二酸丁二醇酯[poly(butylene succinate)，PBS]浸提液对人外周血单核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells，PBMCs)的体外遗传毒性。方法：参照GB/T 16886-2005标准制备PBS浸提液。采用MTT试验评价不同浓度(200、100、50、25、12.5、6.25、3.125 mg/mL) PBS浸提液对PBMCs的细胞毒性；并进行染色体畸变试验和微核试验评价其体外遗传毒性。同时设溶剂RPMI-1640和医用级左旋聚乳酸(L-polylactide，L-PLA)对照组。结果：PBS浸提液对PBMCs的细胞毒性与溶剂对照和L-PLA比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05)；200 mg/mL PBS浸提液在代谢活化和非代谢活化条件下与PBMCs共培养48 h后染色体畸变均为阴性；200 mg/mL PBS浸提液诱发的微核细胞数与溶剂对照组和L-PLA组相比差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论：在本试验条件下，生物可降解材料PBS浸提液在体外对PBMCs无遗传毒性，其影响与医用级L-PLA相当。     

Bone marrow genotoxicity of 2,5‐dimethylfuran,a green biofuel candidate

2,5‐Dimethylfuran (DMF) is being considered as a potential green transportation biofuel, but there is limited information about its toxicity and safety. We examined DMF toxicity in the bone marrow using a murine in vitro erythropoietic micronucleus assay and found that exposure to DMF (0.1 mM, 1 hr) induced an increase in micronuclei frequency compared with controls. These data suggest that DMF may be genotoxic to hematopoietic cells and that more thorough toxicological studies on DMF should be conducted to ensure public and occupational safety before it is considered a viable biofuel and produced in mass quantities. As well as specific data on DMF, our study further validates an in vitro cell culture system that captures the essential features of the in vivo mammalian micronucleus genotoxicity assay, enabling increased throughput and controlled studies on hematopoietic DNA damage response, while reducing animal sacrifice. In vitro assays, such as the in vitro micronucleus assay, will be essential as international chemical policy is increasingly utilizing green chemistry principles that require more toxicological testing. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Safety assessment and toxicological profiling of a novel combinational sunprotective dermal formulation containing melatonin and pumpkin seed oil

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure has been known to cause irreparable damages to human skin. The daunting risk of UV radiation exposure faced by military personnel led to the development of a sunscreen formulation which has superior sun protection factor combined with the ability to counteract reactive oxygen species. The present work deals with the preclinical safety evaluation of the sunscreen formulation comprising of four US FDA approved UV filters; namely avobenzone, octinoxate, oxybenzone, titanium dioxide along with melatonin and pumpkin seed oil, via OECD protocols of assessing acute oral and dermal toxicity; skin sensitizing; skin irritating; ocular irritating and genotoxic potential. Both oral and dermal LD₅₀ values were found to be ˃2000 mg/kg body weight in adult Wistar albino rats using acute dermal and oral toxicity tests. The sunscreen formulation was found to be non-sensitizing to the skin of guinea pigs and non-irritating to both skin and eyes of rabbits. The sunscreen formulation was also found to be non-mutagenic which was affirmed by a battery of genotoxicity and muagenicity assays. The results obtained from this preclinical study indicated that the sunscreen formulation is non toxic and safe in animal models. This study along with additional preclinical evaluations may serve as a basis for considering the formulation as a potential candidate for further trials to establish its efficacy, tolerability and applicability.     

Black cohosh extracts and powders induce micronuclei,a biomarker of genetic damage,in human cells

Black cohosh extract (BCE) is a widely used dietary supplement marketed to women to alleviate symptoms of gynecological ailments, yet its toxicity has not been well characterized. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) previously reported significant increases in micronucleated erythrocytes in peripheral blood of female Wistar Han rats and B6C3F1/N mice administered 15–1,000 mg BCE/kg/day by gavage for 90 days. These animals also developed a dose‐dependent nonregenerative macrocytic anemia characterized by clinical changes consistent with megaloblastic anemia. Both micronuclei (MN) and megaloblastic anemia can arise from disruption of the folate metabolism pathway. The NTP used in vitro approaches to investigate whether the NTP's test lot of BCE, BCEs from various suppliers, and root powders from BC and other cohosh species, were genotoxic in general, and to gain insight into the mechanism of action of BCE genotoxicity. Samples were tested in human TK6 lymphoblastoid cells using the In Vitro MicroFlow® MN assay. The NTP BCE and a BC extract reference material (XRM) were tested in the MultiFlow^® DNA Damage assay, which assesses biomarkers of DNA damage, cell division, and cytotoxicity. The NTP BCE and several additional BCEs were tested in bacterial mutagenicity assays. All samples induced MN when cells were grown in physiological levels of folic acid. The NTP BCE and BC XRM produced activity patterns consistent with an aneugenic mode of action. The NTP BCE and five additional BCEs were negative in bacterial mutagenicity tests. These findings show that black cohosh preparations induce chromosomal damage and may pose a safety concern. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:416–426, 2018. © 2018 Published 2018. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

Diet‐induced obesity increases the frequency of Pig‐a mutant erythrocytes in male C57BL/6J mice

Obesity increases the risk of a number of chronic diseases in humans including several cancers. Biological mechanisms responsible for such increased risks are not well understood at present. Increases in systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, endogenous production of mutagenic metabolites, altered signaling in proliferative pathways, and increased sensitivity to exogenous mutagens and carcinogens are some of the potential contributing factors. We hypothesize that obesity creates an endogenously mutagenic environment in addition to increasing the sensitivity to environmental mutagens. To test this hypothesis, we examined two in vivo genotoxicity endpoints. Pig‐a mutant frequencies and micronucleus frequencies were determined in blood cells in two independent experiments in 30‐week old male mice reared on either a high‐fat diet (60% calories from fat) that exhibit an obese phenotype or a normal‐fat diet (10% calories from fat) that do not exhibit an obese phenotype. Mice were assayed again at 52 weeks of age in one of the experiments. N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea (ENU) was used as a positive mutation control in one experiment. ENU induced a robust Pig‐a mutant and micronucleus response in both phenotypes. Obese, otherwise untreated mice, did not differ from non‐obese mice with respect to Pig‐a mutant frequencies in reticulocytes or micronucleus frequencies. However, such mice, had significantly higher and sustained Pig‐a mutant frequencies (increased 2.5‐3.7‐fold, p < 0.02) in erythrocytes as compared to non‐obese mice (based on measurements collected at 30 weeks or 30 and 52 weeks of age). This suggests that obesity, in the absence of exposure to an exogenous mutagen, is itself mutagenic. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:668–677, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Time in hemodialysis modulates the levels of genetic damage in hemodialysis patients

It is assumed that hemodialysis treatment can diminish the levels of genetic damage in circulating lymphocytes by cleaning the blood of uremic toxins that cause oxidative stress. However, the hemodialysis process by itself may also induce genomic damage by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). We conducted a follow‐up study in a group of 70 hemodialysis patients followed for a mean time of 15 months. We investigated the effect of exposure time in hemodialysis on the levels of genetic damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes using the micronucleus assay. In addition, genetic damage after in vitro irradiation with 0.5 Gy was also analyzed to evaluate changes in radiosensitivity. Our results showed that, at the end of the study, there was a decrease in both the basal levels of genetic damage (9.9 ± 1.0 vs. 7.6 ± 0.7) and radiosensitivity values (38.5 ± 3.0 vs. 27.6 ± 2.4). We conclude that hemodialysis procedures may act as an ameliorating factor reducing the genetic damage present in chronic kidney disease patients. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 55:363–368, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.