Le poids des contraintes économiques dans les choix alimentaires

Long term trends in food consumption highlight the impact of economic factors on food choices. In France, as in other industrialized countries, consumption has evolved first through a quantitative increase in the consumption of the cheapest foods, and then through a qualitative change in the structure of the diet, reflecting a shift from cheap vegetable products to animal products, fat and sugar. This nutritional transition is now followed by a steady stage during which the macronutrient structure of the diet remains stable. The changes in food prices, in particular those of staple foods, played a prominent role in this evolution. These changes have had large positive effects, however they had as well less desirable consequences, among which nutritional inequalities, obesity and nutrition-related degenerative diseases are the most visible.     

Nutrimap: un outil opérationnel pour le profilage nutritionnel des produits alimentaires et des repas

Based on current nutritional guidelines and on observed levels of dietary intakes, Nutrimap^® is a nutritional profiling system designed to help choices orientated towards an improvement of the global nutritional quality of the diet. Nutrimap^® enables the positioning of food items on a two-dimension graph where both coordinates correspond to their nutritional assets or weaknesses. These coordinates are generated through an analysis of the nutritional composition of the food, which takes into account the considered food group and its contribution to nutrient supply to weight differently the nutritional criteria. The discriminative power of Nutrimap^® is exemplified with two food categories (meat, egg and fish and composite dishes). Simulation on children’s afternoon collation gathering different food items shows that Nutrimap^® can be a valuable help in designing meals of controlled nutritional value. Other uses, namely food labelling or support for nutritional policies, are mentioned.     

The Role of the Old and the New Antiepileptic Drugs in Special Populations: Mental and Multiple Handicaps

Summary: Epilepsy is common in individuals who are mentally retarded and/or otherwise multiply handi capped. These patients often display several seizure types. Seizure control may be difficult and drug interac tions common because of polytherapy. Cognitive, behav ioral, affective, and motor problems in these patients of ten confound accurate diagnosis and effective manage ment. Treatment often requires not only antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) but also psychoactive drugs and/or envi ronmental and personal support. To minimize unwanted drug effects, therapeutic strategies should focus on the administration of the fewest possible drugs at the lowest effective dose. The new AEDs may be of special value at times in these populations because they offer potential for improved efficacy, but especially because many of them provide better safety profiles and fewer pharmacokinetic interactions with other drugs.     

Les repas des français : résultats du baromètre santé nutrition 2002

The traditional French food model is based on the notion of meals. This article, based on the results of the study “Baromètre santé nutrition 2002” describes current French eating habits. The study was undertaken from a representative national sampling of 3153 people aged 12 to 75. Eating habits were identified by noting daily what foods had been consumed during the previous twenty-four hours. Ninety percent of French people consume three principal meals daily. More than half (52.5%) eat three different times daily, and a third (32.8%) four times. The structure of the two main meals is based on 3 different dishes at noon (38%) and two in the evening (38.7%). Sharing meals with family or friends remains frequent, though in one home out of two the television is also “invited”, especially in the evening. The main place for the 3 principal meals remains the home. This study confirms that the traditional French alimentary model endures, in at least 2 of its 3 dimensions, that is to say the existence of 3 principal meals, their daily schedule and their communal nature. In contrast, the structure of the two larger meals seems to be simplifying.     

MRI在诊断Legg-Clavé-Perthes病中的应用进展

Legg-Clavé-Perthes病（LCPD）即儿童股骨头骨骺缺血性坏死,是儿童髋关节结构紊乱中常见且重要的疾病之一,在临床诊治前必须对其疾病过程进行严格的评估,X线平片已广泛应用于LCPD分期。然而,随着MR成像技术的发展,MRI也可以早期发现股骨头骨骺信号的变化,监测LCPD病人股骨近端形态变化;MRI还能够评估坏死早期的血运、预测预后等,为其术前的临床评估提供了更多依据。就近年来MRI在LCPD中的研究进展予以综述。     

The evaluation of consumed food portions as a screening test for malnutrition in the older people living in a nursing home: A cross-sectional pilot study

IntroductionThe Self Evaluation of Food Intake (SEFI®) is a simple tool to assess food intake.AimsTo evaluate the validity of SEFI® to screen malnutrition compared to the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA)® as the reference method (primary) and other screening tools (secondary); to assess the feasibility of SEFI® (secondary) in older people living in a nursing home.MethodsQuantitative, non-interventional, cross-sectional, monocentric pilot study. Patients were included in a 143-beds nursing home. The SEFI® visual analogue scale (VAS) from 0 to 10, and the evaluation of consumed portions of served food by the general practioner (SEFI® consumed portions) were performed after the MNA®. Malnutrition was defined as MNA®<17.StatisticsYouden method and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.ResultsOut of 128 patients, 93 were included: 72% women, mean age (±SD), 88 ± 7 yr, body mass index, 25.9 ± 6.1, MNA®<17, 26% (24/93), SEFI® consumed portions ≤50%, 29% (27/93) of patients. The feasibility of SEFI®  VAS and consumed portions were respectively 0 and 100% (93/93). The predictive performance of SEFI® consumed portions for the diagnosis of malnutrition was good: area under the curve = 0.81 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.69–0.93]; sensitivity 75.0% (n = 18/24, 95%CI, 57.7–92.3), specificity 87.0% (n = 60/69, 77.0–94.9), positive predictive value 66.7% (n = 18/27, 48.9–84.4), and negative predictive value 90.9% (n = 60/66, 80.0–93.9).ConclusionsSEFI® is feasible and useful for detecting malnutrition in nursing home residents.     

阳痿中医分型与HAD心理量表测评对照研究

目的：探讨HAD心理测评与中医分型的关系。方法：选用阳痿患的常见证型进行HAD心理测评。结果：本病A（焦虑）型行为的支持率占83．7％，D（抑郁）型行为的支持率为95．3％。结论：本病的治疗应积极的引入焦抑型行为干预，尤其是抑郁型行为干预。     

卡介苗的免疫保护机制及其改造策略进展

结核病是目前全球死亡率最高的单一感染性疾病。卡介苗(bacille Calmette-Guérin,BCG)作为唯一的预防性疫苗,在包括中国在内的结核病高危地区的新生儿出生时即被接种,在结核病防控中发挥了重要作用。然而,近年来的研究结果显示,BCG的保护力具有一定的时效性,尤其在成年人中保护力明显减弱。因此,如何改造BCG以增强其抗结核免疫保护作用将成为结核病疫苗研发和结核病防控的重点研究方向之一。作者复习相关文献,从BCG的改造和接种两方面论述BCG的研究现状和未来应用策略。