槲皮素对培养人视网膜色素上皮细胞增生及DNA合成的影响

目的研究槲皮素(quercetin, QUE)对培养人视网膜色素上皮(retinal pigment epithelium, RPE)细胞增生和DNA合成以及对表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor, EGF)促RPE细胞增生和DNA合成作用的影响。方法用细胞计数和3H-胸腺嘧啶核苷(3H-thymidine, 3H-TdR)掺入方法,观察不同浓度(200、100、50、1μmol/L)的QUE和最大浓度的QUE(200μmol/L)在不同作用时间（24-168小时）,分别单独或与EGF共同作用时,对RPE细胞增生及DNA合成的影响,排除着色的死细胞,用活细胞计数法判断药物的细胞毒性作用。结果QUE 200μmol/L具有最强的抑制效应,48小时时抑制效应已明显出现,96小时时抑制达到高峰。与QUE单独作用相比,QUE对EGF的促RPE细胞增生效应能产生更强的抑制。QUE无细胞毒性作用,各实验组细胞活力均在85.00%以上。结论QUE以剂量依赖和时间依赖的方式抑制RPE细胞的增生,尤其是由EGF刺激的增生,并且对培养的RPE细胞无细胞毒作用。(中华眼底病杂志,1999,15:27-29)     

Biomechanical profile of the cornea in primary congenital glaucoma

Purpose: The aim of our study was to investigate the biomechanical properties of the cornea in primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and to identify the potential ocular determinants, which affect the corneal biomechanical metrics. Methods: Corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF) and central corneal thickness (CCT) were measured in 26 patients with PCG (40 eyes) with the aid of ocular response analyser. In vivo laser‐scanning confocal microscopy was used for the estimation of stromal keratocyte density (KD) and the evaluation of corneal endothelium. Twenty normal subjects (40 eyes) served as controls. Student’s t‐test and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used for statistical analysis. p Values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Corneal hysteresis, CRF and CCT were significantly reduced in patients with PCG (all p < 0.05). Corneal hysteresis and CRF negatively correlated with the corneal diameter in both groups (r₁ = ?0.53, r₂ = ?0.66, p < 0.001 for CH and r₁ = ?0.61, r₂ = ?0.69, p < 0.001 for CRF). Moreover, we identified a significant correlation between CH and CRF with CCT in both groups (r₁ = 0.51, r₂ = 0.48, p < 0.001 for CH and r₁ = 0.45, r₂ = 0.44, p < 0.001 for CRF). Mean KD was significantly reduced both in the anterior and posterior corneal stroma in patients with PCG (764 ± 162 and 362 ± 112 cells/mm², respectively) compared with controls (979 ± 208 and 581 ± 131 cells/mm², respectively) (p < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between the keratocyte density in anterior and/or posterior stroma and CH or CRF in any group (r₁ = 0.29, r₂ = 0.31, p < 0.06). Mean endothelial cell density was also significantly reduced in PCG group (2920 ± 443 cells/mm²) compared with control group (3421 ± 360 cells/mm²) (p < 0.001). Pleomorphism and polymegalism were significantly increased in corneal endothelium of patients with PCG. Conclusions: Our results showed a significant reduction in CH and CRF in PCG. Both CH and CRF were negatively correlated with corneal diameter. A significant correlation of CH and CRF with CCT was identified in both groups. Keratocyte density was decreased in PCG, but did not have a significant impact on CH and CRF. Mean endothelial density was also decreased in PCG. Our results suggest that reduced CCT and increased corneal diameter are major ocular determinants for the modified corneal biomechanical profile in PCG, while cellular alterations in corneal stroma and endothelium have no significant biomechanical impact.     

微切口超声乳化术对糖尿病合并白内障患者眼表的影响

目的：探讨白内障超声乳化手术中2.2及3.0mm透明角膜切口对2型糖尿病患者术后泪膜功能及眼表的影响。
　　方法：收集2015-01/10在我院接受超声乳化术的2型糖尿病患者150例150眼。按照随机数字表,将其分为两组,A组微切口组(75例75眼)行2.2mm透明角膜微切口白内障超声乳化术, B 组小切口组(75例75眼)行常规3.0 mm透明角膜切口白内障超声乳化术,两组资料的人口统计学特征差异无统计学意义。观察并比较两组患者术前及术后1wk,1、3、6mo的眼表疾病指数( ocular surface disease index,OSDI)、角膜知觉、泪膜破裂时间( break-up time,BUT)和基础泪液分泌试验( Schirmer’s Ⅰtest,SⅠt)指标的变化。
　　结果：术后1wk,1、3mo,两组患者的 OSDI 评分均高于术前,且B组的OSDI评分明显高于A组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);两组患者的角膜知觉均较术前降低,且B组的角膜知觉明显低于A组,差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05);两组患者的SⅠt均低于术前,且B组的SⅠt明显低于A组,差异具有统计学意义(均 P<0.05)。术后1wk,1mo,两组患者的BUT均低于术前,且B组的BUT明显低于A组,差异具有统计学意义(均 P<0.05)。术后6mo,A组患者的OSDI、角膜知觉、BUT和SⅠt与术前相比差异不明显,无统计学意义(均P>0.05);B组患者的OSDI评分和角膜知觉与术前相比差异明显,具有统计学意义(均P<0.05);BUT和SⅠt与术前相比差异不明显,无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。
　　结论：2.2mm透明角膜微切口对眼表及泪膜的影响较小,对并发白内障的2型糖尿病患者尤为适用。     

Astrocytes in the damaged brain: Molecular and cellular insights into their reactive response and healing potential

Long considered merely a trophic and mechanical support to neurons, astrocytes have progressively taken the center stage as their ability to react to acute and chronic neurodegenerative situations became increasingly clear. Reactive astrogliosis starts when trigger molecules produced at the injury site drive astrocytes to leave their quiescent state and become activated. Distinctive morphological and biochemical features characterize this process (cell hypertrophy, upregulation of intermediate filaments, and increased cell proliferation). Moreover, reactive astrocytes migrate towards the injured area to constitute the glial scar, and release factors mediating the tissue inflammatory response and remodeling after lesion. A novel view of astrogliosis derives from the finding that subsets of reactive astrocytes can recapitulate stem cell/progenitor features after damage, fostering the concept of astroglia as a promising target for reparative therapies. But which biochemical/signaling pathways modulate astrogliosis with respect to both the time after injury and the type of damage? Are reactive astrocytes overall beneficial or detrimental for neuroprotection and tissue regeneration? This debate has been animating this research field for several years now, and an integrated view on the results obtained and the possible future perspectives is needed. With this Commentary article we have attempted to answer the above-mentioned questions by reviewing the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms controlling and sustaining the reaction of astroglia to injury and its stem cell-like properties. Moreover, the cellular/molecular mechanisms supporting the detrimental or beneficial features of astrogliosis have been scrutinized to gain insights on possible pharmacological approaches to enhance astrocyte neuroprotective activities.     

系数倍率法测定膀胱镜检表面麻醉剂中盐酸利多卡因的含量

目的：研究不经提取直接测定膀胱镜检表面麻醉剂中盐酸利多卡因的含量。方法：采用系数倍率法，选择测定的波长为270nm和280nm。结果：盐酸利多卡因线性关系良好，r=0．9993,，平均回收率为100．1％。结论：该方法可靠、简便、准确，可作为医院制剂的质量控制。     

人外周血内皮前体细胞体外增殖规律的动态观察及其特性

目的：探讨人外周血内皮前体细胞（endothelial progenitor cells EPCs）体外诱导分化为内皮细胞（ECs）的生长增殖规律及其特性，以期证实人外周血是临床治疗缺血性疾病一个理想的内皮前体细胞来源。方法密度梯度离心提取单个核细胞，接种在人纤连蛋白包被的培养板上，培养于含有促血管生长因子VEGF、b—FGF、IGF、EGF等的内皮生长基质EGM-2 MV中。每天倒置显微镜观察，并记录。4d后去除未附着细胞，继续培养黏附细胞，同时，黏附细胞用Dn—AC—LDL和FITC—UEA—1进行免疫荧光染色，荧光显微镜和共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观察。收集第7d的黏附细胞，流式细胞仪检测细胞表面标志CD34和CD31。结果接种1d后，一些细胞变形；2d后，有细胞团形成；3d后，细胞团周围一些贴壁细胞开始出现；4d后，黏附细胞呈短梭形或多角形贴壁生长，荧光显微镜、共聚焦激光扫描显微镜下可观察到Dn—AC—LDL和FITC—UEA-1双阳性的黏附细胞；第6d、7d，黏附细胞呈长梭形；FACS分析，CD34和CD31阳性率分别为（14．13±2．79）％、（54．67±3．44）％。结论外周血中确实存在EPCs，并且在促血管生长因子VEGF、b—FGF、IGF、EGF等的刺激下能分化为成熟的内皮细胞。EPCS可望作为临床血管再生的细胞治疗     

现代中药研发中的文化碰撞现象与系统生物学思路分析

本文从认识论与方法论两方面,探讨了现代中药研发中的文化碰撞现象与系统生物学思路。提出在世界一体化的宏观背景下,我们既要认识科技文化多态性的这样一个事实,又要以“疗效中心论”为基础,重视本土科技文化的发扬,不要盲目发展“高”、“精”、“尖”而忽视复方制剂的研究及其可能产生的社会经济效益。在新的医学模式下,我们还应大力发展系统生物学,使之与传统医学互补从而推动传统医学研究方法的变革,在此基础上才有可能发展出更好的现代中药研发方法。     

Amorphization and modified release of ibuprofen by post-synthetic and solvent-free loading into tailored silica aerogels

Promising active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) often exhibit poor aqueous solubility and thus a low bioavailability that substantially limits their pharmaceutical application. Hence, efficient formulations are required for an effective translation into highly efficient drug products. One strategy is the preservation of an amorphous state of the API within a carrier matrix, which leads to enhanced dissolution. In this work, mesoporous silica aerogels (SA) were utilized as a carrier matrix for the amorphization of the poorly water-soluble model drug ibuprofen. Loading of tailored SA was performed post-synthetically and solvent-free, either by co-milling or via the melting method. Thorough analyses of these processes demonstrated the influence of macrostructural changes during the drying and grinding process on the microstructural properties of the SA. Furthermore, interfacial SA-drug interaction properties were selectively tuned by attaching terminal hydrophilic amino- or hydrophobic methyl groups to the surface of the gel. We demonstrate that not only the chemical surface properties of the SA, but also formulation-related parameters, such as the carrier-to-drug ratio, as well as process-related parameters, such as the drug loading method, decisively influence the ibuprofen adsorption efficiency. In addition, the drug-loaded SA formulations exhibited a remarkable physical stability over a period of 6 months. Furthermore, the release behavior is shown to change considerably with different surface properties of the SA matrix. Hence, the reported results demonstrate that utilizing specifically processed and modified SA offers a compelling technique for enhancement of the bioavailability of poorly-water soluble APIs and a versatile adjustment of their release profile.     

Green Tea Extract Containing Piper retrofractum Fruit Ameliorates DSS-Induced Colitis via Modulating MicroRNA-21 Expression and NF-κB Activity

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of green tea extract containing Piper retrofractum fruit (GTP) on dextran-sulfate-sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, the regulatory mechanisms of microRNA (miR)-21, and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. Different doses of GTP (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) were administered orally once daily for 14 days, followed by GTP with 3% DSS for 7 days. Compared with the DSS-treated control, GTP administration alleviated clinical symptoms, including the disease activity index (DAI), colon shortening, and the degree of histological damage. Moreover, GTP suppressed miR-21 expression and NF-κB activity in colon tissue of DSS-induced colitis mice. The mRNA levels of inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), were downregulated by GTP. Colonic nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were also lowered by GTP. Taken together, our results revealed that GTP inhibits DSS-induced colonic inflammation by suppressing miR-21 expression and NF-κB activity, suggesting that it may be used as a potential functional material for improving colitis.