Percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy and delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy in critically ill patients with acute calculus cholecystitis

BACKGROUND: The ultimate therapy for acute cholecystitis is cholecystectomy. However, in critically ill elderly patients the mortality of emergency cholecystectomy may reach up to 30%. Open cholecystostomy performed under local anesthesia was considered to be the procedure of choice for treatment of acute cholecystitis in high-risk patients. In recent years, ultrasound- or computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy (PTHC) replaced open cholecystostomy for the treatment of acute cholecystitis in critically ill patients. METHODS: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the results of a 5-year protocol using PTHC followed by delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for the treatment of acute cholecystitis in critically ill patients. We reviewed the charts of 55 patients who underwent PTHC at the Hadassah University Hospital Mount Scopus during the years 1994 to 1999. RESULTS: The main indications for PTHC among this group of severely sick and high-risk patients was biliary sepsis and septic shock in 23 patients (42%); and severe comorbidities in 32 patients (58%). The median age was 74 (32 to 98) years, 33 were female and 22 male. Successful biliary drainage by PTHC was achieved in 54 of 55 (98%) of the patients. The majority of the patients (31 of 55) were drained transhepaticlly under CT guidance. The rest, (24 of 55) were drained using ultrasound guidance followed by cholecystography for verification. Complications included hepatic bleeding that required surgical intervention in 1 patient and dislodgment of the catheter in 9 patients that was reinserted in 2 patients. Three patients died of multisystem organ failure 12 to 50 days following the procedure. The remaining 52 patients recovered well with a mean hospital stay of 15.5 plus minus 11.4 days. Thirty-one patients were able to undergo delayed surgery: 28 underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy of whom 4 (14%) were converted to open cholecystectomy. This was compared with a 1.9% conversion rate in 1,498 elective laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed at the same time period (P = 0.012). Another 3 patients underwent planned open cholecystectomy, 1 urgent and 2 combined with other abdominal procedures. There was no surgery associated mortality, severe morbidity, or bile duct injury. CONCLUSIONS: The use of PTHC in critically ill patients with acute cholecystitis is both safe and effective.     

Lack of prostanoid receptor involvement in ischemic acute renal failure in mice

Background. Thromboxane (TX) A₂ inhibition or prostaglardin (PGI₂) infusion prevents ischemic acute renal failure (ARF) in animal models. However, the pathophysiological roles of the prostanoid receptors in the development of ischemic ARF are not fully understood, partly because of the limited specificity of their inhibitors or antagonists. Methods. We investigated whether targeted disruption of the PGI₂ receptor (IP) or TXA₂ receptor (TP) genes conferred susceptibility to renal ischemic-reperfusion injury, using IP and TP knockout mice. Results. Serum creatinine concentration in TP knockout mice was not significantly different from that in wild-type controls. There were no significant histological differences between TP knockout and wild-type mice. Likewise, IP knockout mice showed no significant differences from the wild-type controls in regard to creatinine concentration or histological damage. Conclusions. Lack of TP or IP had no influence on postischemic ARF in mice, indicating that receptors for TXA₂ or PGI₂ may have minimal roles in the development of this mouse model of ischemic ARF. Received: July 5, 2001 / Accepted: April 8, 2002     

移植肾急性排斥反应新认识

急性排斥反应是影响肾移植长期预后的重要因素。在新型免疫抑制剂应用下,急性排斥反应具有表现不典型、难治性排斥反应比例高等特点。本文从发生急性排斥反应高危因素的术前筛查与处理、急性排斥反应早期诊断方法以及对急性排斥反应的干预和免疫抑制药物合理应用、移植后感染预防等方面,综合浙江大学医学院附属第一医院肾脏病中心的临床研究结果,探讨发生急性排斥反应的高危因素、诊断和防控措施,以提高肾移植后长期存活率。     

H1N1 infection in emergency surgery: A cautionary tale

Pandemic 2009 influenza A H1N1 has spread rapidly since its first report in Mexico in March 2009. This is the first influenza pandemic in over 40 years and it atypically affects previously healthy young adults, with higher rates of morbidity and mortality. The medical literature has been inundated with reports of H1N1 infection, the majority found in critical care and internal medicine journals with a relative paucity in the surgical literature. Despite this, it remains an important entity that can impact greatly on acute surgical emergencies. We present a case of previously healthy 31-year-old male who underwent open appendectomy. His post-operative recovery was complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to H1N1 infection. This case report highlights the impact that H1N1 virus can have on acute surgical emergencies and how it can complicate the post-operative course.     

NF-κB在急性胰腺炎治疗研究中的进展及前景

急性胰腺炎是胰酶激活后引起胰腺组织自身消化所致的急性炎性介质反应,可诱发全身炎性介质反应,并恶化为多脏器功能衰竭,导致患者死亡.核转录因子κB在急性胰腺炎的发展中占据核心地位,它凋节了炎性因子和免疫蛋白的基因表达.本文就基于NF-κB的胰腺炎治疗作一综述.     

移植物浸润T淋巴细胞肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体及受体DR4和DR5表达与大鼠小肠移植急性排斥反应的相关性

目的 探讨浸润T淋巴细胞七的DR4、DR5表达同小肠移植急性排斥反应的关系.方法 将2种近交系大鼠(SD、Wistar)54只按随机配对法分为A、B、C3组.A组大鼠为对照组(18只)行虚拟手术;B组(18只)大鼠行同系小肠移植;C组(18只)大鼠行不同品系小肠移植.各组大鼠于术后5 d取移植肠样本分别做HE染色和免疫荧光双标记染色.采用免疫荧光染色、激光共聚焦技术测定各组标本浸润T淋巴细胞肿瘤坏死因相关凋亡诱导配体及DR4、DR5的表达情况.结果 A组大鼠小肠黏膜正常,B组大鼠小肠表现为免疫耐受,C组大鼠表现为急性排斥反应.C组大鼠高T淋巴细胞表达肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体与A、B组大鼠比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01);A、B组大鼠浸润T淋巴细胞DR4、DR5均呈高表达,C组大鼠呈低表达,C组大鼠与A、B组比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01);A、B组大鼠比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05).结论 急性排斥反应的发生可能与浸润T淋巴细胞DR的低表达有关.减少浸润淋巴细胞DR表达的下调,或者上调DR将有助于控制急性排斥反应,诱导免疫耐受.     

伴脑动脉狭窄的症状性腔隙性脑梗死患者脑血管造影分析

目的分析伴脑供血动脉狭窄的症状性腔隙性脑梗死患者的全脑血管造影结果。方法选择经CT或MRI确诊的51例症状性腔隙性脑梗死患者,全部接受全脑血管造影检查,均存在脑供血动脉狭窄,观察统计病变血管的狭窄程度及闭塞血管的侧支代偿情况。结果全部患者均成功接受全脑血管造影,无严重并发症发生,狭窄程度：9例（17.65%）≤50%,12例（23.53%）50%～70%,14例（27.45%）71%～99%,16例（31.37%）闭塞。51例中,40例（78.43%）存在梗死相关病变血管。16例闭塞病例中,12例有侧支循环形成。结论对伴脑供血动脉狭窄的症状性腔隙性脑梗死患者行全脑血管造影具有较高的阳性率,梗死主要由前循环系统血管病变引起,观察血管病变程度及侧支代偿建立情况对疾病下一步治疗具有重要指导作用。     

七氟烷预处理对脂多糖致大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的 评价七氟烷预处理对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)所致大鼠急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)的影响.方法 72只SD大鼠随机分成6组:NS组、LPS组和七氟烷预处理(S-1 h组、S-6 h组、S-12 h组、S-24 h组).通过气管内滴注LPS建立大鼠ALI模型.大鼠在气道内给予LPS或NS后6 h处死,检测不同时间点七氟烷预处理(2.4%,30 min)对支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中白细胞计数、细胞因子TNF-α和IL-1β水平,肺组织髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)活性,肺血管通透性及肺组织病理学等的影响.结果 与NS组相比,LPS组肺组织损伤程度,BALF白细胞计数以及TNF-α和IL-1β水平,血管通透性和肺组织MPO活性均显著增高(P<0.01).给予LPS前1 h和24 h七氟烷预处理能降低肺组织MPO活性,BALF中IL-1β水平及白细胞计数(P<0.01),而S-6h组和S-12 h组与IPS组相比无明显差别.七氟烷预处理均能够降低肺血管通透性和BALF中TNF-α水平(P<0.01),且以S-1 h和S-24h组为显著(P<0.01).提示七氟烷预处理对LPS所致肺损伤具有早期和延时的保护作用.结论 气道内给予LPS1 h和24 h前七氟烷预处理对LPS致大鼠ALI具有保护作用.     

骨髓间充质干细胞干预对缺血再灌注诱导肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的影响

目的：观察骨髓间充质干细胞（mesenchymal stemcells,MSCs）对缺血再灌注（ischemia/reperfusion,I/R）诱导的急性肾损伤模型小鼠肾小管上皮细胞（renal tubular epithelial cells,RTECs）凋亡的保护作用及机制。方法：Percoll密度梯度离心结合贴壁培养法有效分离出C57BL/6小鼠的骨髓间充质干细胞（mMSCs）。雄性C57BL/6小鼠45只,分为正常对照组（15只）、I/R组（15只、夹闭双侧肾蒂30min开放）、I/R＋mMSCs组（15只、夹闭双侧肾蒂30min开放的同时尾静脉注射mMSCs）。造模并干预后,于1d、2d、3d、7d、14d分别处死部分小鼠,留取动脉血及肾组织,检测血尿素氮（BUN）及肌酐（Scr）,制作肾组织切片行HE染色进行肾小管损伤程度评分,TUNEL法检测RTECs的凋亡,Western Blot法检测建模后第2天肾小管组织中Caspase-3、Bcl-2蛋白水平的表达。结果：I/R后小鼠的BUN及Scr均显著高于正常对照组,但同一时间点I/R＋mMSCs组小鼠的BUN及Scr水平较I/R组为低,以术后第7天差异最为显著（P〈0.01）,肾小管损伤程度评分也有着显著降低。TUNEL检测表明I/R可诱导RTECs发生明显的凋亡,以术后第2天凋亡指数（apoptosis index,AI）最高（46.71±11.20）（P〈0.01）,而mMSCs干预可显著降低各时间点RTECs的凋亡水平（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,至14d时AI基本恢复至对照组水平。Western blot进一步显示：I/R＋mMSCs组小鼠的肾组织中Caspase-3蛋白水平明显下降（1.16±0.33,P〈0.01）,而Bcl-2水平却有明显增高（0.94±0.27,P〈0.01）。结论：移植的MSCs对I/R诱导的肾损害小鼠RTECs凋亡具有抑制作用,从而有利于肾小管损伤的早期恢复,其保护机制可能与抑制Caspase-3表达,上调Bcl-2表达有关,但其细胞学和分子机制还有待进一步研究。