Trajectories of fasting plasma glucose variability and mortality in type 2 diabetes

Aim

To investigate the effect of changes in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) variability, as assessed by 2-year trajectories of FPG variability, on mortality risk in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Effect of Renin–Angiotensin System Inhibition on Cardiovascular Events in Older Hypertensive Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

Objective

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Insulin resistance has been hypothesized as the underlying feature of MetS. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) are widely used antihypertensives that may improve insulin sensitivity. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of ACEI/ARB on incident CVD events in older hypertensive patients with MetS.

Materials/Methods

We used the Cardiovascular Health Study, a prospective cohort study of individuals > 65 years of age to evaluate ACEI/ARB use and time to CVD events (including coronary and cerebrovascular events). The study included 777 subjects who had hypertension and ATP III-defined MetS, but free of CVD and diabetes at baseline. Cox regression models were used to evaluate the effect of ACEI/ARB as compared to other antihypertensives on the time to the first CVD events.

Results

ACEI/ARB use was associated with a decreased risk of CVD events (adjusted HR = 0.658, 95 % C.I. [0.436–0.993]) compared to other antihypertensives. When CVD endpoints were evaluated separately, use of ACEI/ARB was associated with lower rates of angioplasty and coronary events (HR of 0.129 and 0.530 respectively, with 95 % CI [0.017–0.952] and [0.321–0.875]).

Conclusions

ACEI/ARB use was associated with a lower risk of CVD events in older hypertensive patients with MetS, primarily due to a reduction in coronary events. The potential protective effect of ACEI/ARB on CVD events in older individuals with MetS will need further confirmation from prospective studies.     

ACEI改善糖尿病大鼠的糖代谢紊乱

目的 利用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)阻断肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS),研究阻断RAS改善胰岛素抵抗及糖代谢的作用机制,探讨脂肪组织局部RAS与胰岛素抵抗的关系.方法 30只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组(NC组)、高脂组(HF组)和高脂干预组(AE组),分别以基础饲料喂养、高脂喂养、高脂加培哚普利[4 mg/(kg·d)]干预喂养12周.干预结束后HF组和AE组给予链脲佐菌素(STZ)20 mg/kg小剂量腹腔注射诱导成模,2周后3组大鼠分别行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTY)及计算稳态模型评估.胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),评价胰岛素抵抗和糖代谢,处死大鼠,以RT-PCR法检测附睾和肾周脂肪组织脂联素、抵抗素、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂(PAI)-1 mRNA的表达.结果 与NC组(n=10)比较,HF组(n=7)大鼠OGTY各时点血糖、血糖曲线下面积(AUC)、HOMA-IR显著升高,PAI-1、抵抗素mRNA表达显著增加,分别是NC组的1.50倍、1.47倍,脂联素mRNA的表达下降了40.8%(均P＜0.01);与HF组比较,AE组(n=9)大鼠OGTT各时点血糖有所下降,60、120 min血糖差异有显著性(P＜0.05),AUC、HOMA-IR显著减少,PAI-1、抵抗素mRNA表达较HF组分别下降了28%、38.1%,脂联素mRNA表达升高为HF组的1.62倍(P均＜0.05).结论 ACEI可以改善长期高脂喂养联合STZ诱导大鼠的胰岛素抵抗和糖代谢紊乱,其作用机制可能与改善内脏脂肪组织的脂肪因子表达相关.     

Autonomic nervous system mediates the cardiovascular effects of Rhodiola sacra radix in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Rhodiola sacra (Crassulaceae) exhibits cardiovascular bioactivities and is used in Tibetan medicine for promoting circulation and preventing hypertension. However, the underlying mechanisms of its cardiovascular effects are poorly understood. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the cardiovascular activity of water-soluble fraction (WtF) and n-butanol-soluble fraction (BtF) of Rhodiola sacra radix and to explore its mechanism of action in propofol anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The changes of blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac contractility after systemic administration of the extracts (10-75mg/kg) were examined for at least 40min. Different antagonists were used to evaluate the mechanisms of cardiovascular effects of the extracts. RESULTS: Intravenous injection of the WtF (10, 25, 35, 50 or 75mg/kg) exhibited dose-dependent hypotension and increases in heart rate and cardiac contractility. In contrast, mild alterations in the same cardiovascular parameters were detected only at high dose (75mg/kg) BtF. The WtF-induced hypotensive, positive inotropic and chronotropic effects were significantly abolished by pretreatment with hexamethonium (30mg/kg, i.v.) or reserpine (5mg/kg, i.v.), whereas the hypotensive, but not the positive inotropic or chronotropic effect was potentiated by captopril (2.5mg/kg, i.v.). Pretreatment with methylatropine (1mg/kg, i.v.), on the other hand, reversed the positive inotropic and chronotropic but not the hypotensive effects of WtF. The WtF-induced cardiovascular responses were not affected in rats pretreated with N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (20mg/kg, i.v.). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that systemic administration of the WtF of Rhodiola sacra radix elicited a potent hypotensive effect that was mediated by the withdrawal of sympathetic vasomotor tone and interaction with the circulatory angiotensin system. The positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of WtF may result from a direct vagal inhibition on the heart.     

ACEI与ARB联合治疗临床糖尿病肾病的疗效与安全性的Meta分析

目的:系统评价血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)与血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂(ARB)联合治疗临床糖尿病肾病的疗效与安全性。方法:计算机检索CoChrane图书馆、PubMed、Embase、中国期刊全文数据库、维普资讯网。采用Revman 5.1软件对11篇随机对照试验(RCTs)的602例患者进行Meta分析。结果:与单用ACEI相比,ACEI与ARB联合用药组的24 h尿白蛋白、收缩压、24 h平均收缩压、舒张压、24 h平均舒张压均明显下降;血钾明显升高。与单用ARB类药物相比,ACEI与ARB联合用药组的收缩压、舒张压明显下降。与单用ACEI或ARB相比,ACEI与ARB联合用药对降低临床糖尿病肾病患者的24 h尿白蛋白的疗效尚存在分歧,不能得出明确结论。结论:ACEI与ARB联合治疗临床糖尿病肾病有一定的疗效且相对安全。但由于本系统评价纳入的试验样本量较小且方法学质量偏低,现有证据不足以推荐临床常规应用ACEI与ARB联合治疗临床糖尿病肾病。     

IgA肾病的治疗进展

IgA肾病(IgAN)是世界范围内最常见的肾小球疾病,我国IgAN占原发性肾小球肾炎的45.2％ ～58.2％.IgAN目前发病机制尚不清楚,临床工作中血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂( ACEI)/血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(ARB)、糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂等药物应用广泛,进行了很多有益探索,但治疗方案仍缺乏统一标准.2010年美国肾脏病学会年会(ASN)上,改善全球肾脏疾病预后组织( KDIGO)提出了有关IgAN循证治疗意见的初稿,本文就此循证治疗意见作一综述.     

几种ACEI对实验性糖尿病大鼠心肌细胞凋亡和Caspase-3及Fas、FasL基因表达影响的类效应

目的:探讨几种血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)卡托普利、培哚普利、咪达普利、贝那普利、福辛普利对糖尿病大鼠左室心功能及心肌细胞凋亡和凋亡相关蛋白影响的类效应。方法:将48只SD大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱发糖尿病模型,随机分为5个给药组和1个糖尿病组(每组8只),另选8只做正常对照组。给药组每日分别灌胃给予卡托普利(50 mg/kg),培哚普利(雅施达4 mg/kg),咪达普利(达爽10 mg/kg),贝那普利(洛汀新10 mg/kg),福辛普利(蒙诺10 mg/kg),糖尿病组给予生理盐水灌胃,共8周。对照观察心肌细胞凋亡、心肌组织Fas、FasL蛋白、Caspase-3及其Fas mRNA表达的变化。结果:与正常对照组相比,糖尿病给药组及未给药组的心肌细胞凋亡指数明显增高(均为P<0.05);Caspase-3阳性蛋白表达率明显增高(均为P<0.05);Fas蛋白阳性染色指数增高(均为P<0.05);Fas的mRNA表达明显增高(均为P<0.05)。但糖尿病给药组的较未给药组低(均为P<0.05)。所有各组的FasL蛋白阳性染色指数差异不明显(均为P>0.05)。各种ACEI治疗组之间差异无显著性(均为P>0.05)。结论:糖尿病心肌病的发生、发展过程中有心肌细胞凋亡的变化和Caspase家族及Fas、FasL系统的参与;糖尿病大鼠心肌细胞凋亡指数、心肌组织Fas蛋白以及Fas的mRNA表达水平、Caspase-3蛋白表达水平增高。ACEI干预糖尿病心肌病,能够降低细胞凋亡及Fas基因的表达及Caspase-3蛋白表达水平,且几种ACEI具有类效应。     

ACEI、ARB联合多巴胺及速尿持续泵入解除心肾综合征患者利尿剂抵抗的临床分析

目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）、血管紧张素受体拮抗剂（ARB）联合多巴胺及速尿持续泵入解除心肾综合征患者利尿剂抵抗的标准及方法。方法选择慢性心力衰竭合并肾功能不全及利尿剂抵抗患者100例（心功能Ⅲ~Ⅳ级,肌酐〈3mg/dl）,随机分为ACEI、ARB联合多巴胺及速尿持续泵入治疗组和对照组,每组50例。全部患者在入院时均进行心脏超声、胸片、肾功能、心电图等检查。2组患者的发病年龄、心功能分级、肾功能水平、浮肿及少尿程度差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结果治疗组患者症状明显改善,左心室射血分数增加,体重降低,尿量增加（P〈0.05）。结论 ACEI、ARB联合多巴胺及速尿持续泵入治疗心肾综合征合并利尿剂抵抗,无论对心功能或肾功能的改善都十分有益。     

阿霉素肾病大鼠肾组织P~(65)/Rel-A表达趋势及血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂的干预效应

目的探讨阿霉素肾病大鼠肾损伤早期,肾组织核转录因子(NF)-κB(P65/Rel-A)表达的趋势及其潜在的病理意义。方法以阿霉素肾病大鼠为实验性肾病模型,于肾病早期第1、2、3周观察大鼠蛋白尿、血生化各指标的变化。采用原位杂交方法检测大鼠肾组织P65/Rel-AmRNA表达的情况,并从时相和组织定位表达的趋势上评价P65/Rel-A表达的相关病理意义。结果阿霉素注射后第1周大鼠即出现明显蛋白尿,于第3周即达大量蛋白尿程度(24h)(123±8)mg,同时血生化各指标趋于增高。肾小管中可见大量蛋白管型,肾间质中可见大量炎性细胞浸润。P65/Rel-AmRNA表达于小管上皮细胞胞质。随病变的进展,其核转位趋势明显增加,阳染信号由胞质转至细胞核,P65表达半定量为第1周(4.0±3.3)%、第2周(34.2±2.4)%、第3周(39.9±6.4)%[对照组分别为:(8.5±0.4)%、(8.7±1.0)%、(8.4±0.9)%)]。提示随病变进展肾组织P65/Rel-AmRNA表达呈上调趋势,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。而血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)治疗组上述变化有明显改善[ACEI治疗组1、2、3周P65分别为:(18.5±3.4)%、(22.8±1.6)%、(26.7±4.9)%]。结论阿霉素肾病早期P65/Rel-AmRNA表达上调,与肾组织病变进展相同步,而给予ACEI有一定的干预治疗效应,间接提示血管紧张素及其受体信号可能参与介导核转录因子的表达和活化。