老年患者腹腔镜胆道切开取石T管引流术的护理

目的：研究老年结石患者运用腹腔镜胆道切开取石术后进行T管引流的护理。方法选择我院2012年9月~2013年9月诊治的86例进行腹腔镜胆道切开T管引流术的患者,根据老年患者的心理以及生理特点进行术前心理宣教和护理,有针对性的实施老年基础病以及并发症的护理,根据每个阶段的情况实施相应的护理措施。结果根据老年患者每个阶段的具体特点制定有针对性的护理计划,能够有效的提升护理效果。结论降低并发症的出现,提升老年患者的手术配合率,提升老年患者的手术成功率以及预后效果。     

Single‐incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder torsion: A case report and literature review

We present a case of preoperatively diagnosed gallbladder torsion (GT) that was successfully treated by single‐incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy. An 80‐year‐old woman presented with sudden pain and a palpable mass in the right upper quadrant. Contrast‐enhanced CT revealed ischemic changes, a swollen gallbladder with a V‐shaped distortion of the extrahepatic ducts, and the gallbladder in an abnormal anatomical position; clinical findings indicated GT. We performed single‐incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy and intraoperatively found that the floating gallbladder was twisted counterclockwise by 180° around the cystic duct. After an uneventful postoperative course, the patient was discharged on postoperative day 7. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for a GT was first performed in 1994, and since then, 28 cases, including ours, have been treated laparoscopically. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for GT could be the standard treatment for this condition, and single‐incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy may be a good surgical option for patients with GT because of its anatomical characteristics.     

Treatment of Orbital Roof Blow-Up Fracture Using a Superior Blepharoplasty Incision

In orbital roof blow-up fractures, reduction can be achieved easily using an approach from the anterior cranial fossa but the procedure is highly invasive. In contrast, an orbital approach using a superior blepharoplasty incision is minimally invasive. However, if bone fragments are adhered to the dura mater, there is a risk of dura mater injury when fragments are moved for reduction. In blow-in fractures, reduction is performed by pushing the bone fragments against the anterior cranial fossa. In contrast, the procedure is difficult for blow-up fractures because bone fragments must be pulled out into the orbit through the anterior cranial fossa. Orbital blow-up fractures are often associated with intracranial injuries and frequently treated by an approach from the anterior cranial fossa. There has not yet been a report that discusses whether reduction of bone fragments should be performed in blow-up fracture without intracranial injury. In this report, we describe two cases of orbital roof blow-up fracture that did not require treatment for intracranial injury and that were treated using an orbital approach. The treatment involved only the release of orbital fat entrapped between bone fragments and did not involve reduction. The treatment outcomes were good in both cases.     

角巩膜缘切口在超声乳化白内障手术转型中的应用

目的:探讨角巩膜缘切口在小切口向超声乳化白内障手术转型中的应用.方法:选取我院在2012-02/2013-02接受手术的200例200眼白内障患者,行角巩膜缘切口超声乳化手术,术中如遇不安全因素即改为SICS+IOL术,手术均顺利完成.结果:顺利实施超声乳化白内障手术者共172眼(86％),28眼(14％)改为角巩膜缘切口SICS+IOL术,术后视力≥0.5者176眼(88％),0.1～0.4者22眼(11％),0.1以下者2眼(1％).术后均无严重并发症.结论:在小切口转型超声乳化白内障手术初期时,运用角巩膜缘切口能提高手术的可操作性和安全性,是具有小切口白内障手术经验眼科医生很好的选择方式.     

SMILE手术设计不同厚度角膜帽的临床对比观察

目的：比较不同厚度角膜帽设计对飞秒激光微小切口基质透镜切除术(small incision lenticule extraction,SMILE)手术的影响。

方法：收集我院拟行SMILE手术的近视患者46例92眼,随机平均分为两组,A组角膜帽厚度设计为110μm,B组角膜帽厚度设计为120μm,其余手术参数设计一致,手术均由同一手术医生完成。对比两组患者术中发生不透明气泡层(opaque bubble layer,OBL)情况、透镜分离困难比率,以及术后各时间段的裸眼视力(uncorrected visual acuity,UCVA)和等效球镜度数(spherical equivalent,SE)。

结果：术中OBL发生比例两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)：110μm组高于120μm组; 透镜分离困难比率两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)：110μm组高于120μm组。术后1d和7d时120μm组UCVA较110μm组好,但随着时间的推移,术后1,3,6mo时两组UCVA相近,两组数据比较无统计学差异(P>0.05); 且两组SE在术后7d和6mo时比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

结论：110μm角膜帽设计较120μm设计的SMILE手术更容易出现OBL以及透镜分离困难,从而影响术后裸眼视力恢复的速度,远期裸眼视力无明显差异。     

非超声乳化小切口白内障术中后囊膜破裂的临床分析

目的：探讨非超声乳化小切口白内障术中晶状体后囊膜破裂的临床原因及处理方法。
　　方法：回顾分析108例121眼非超声乳化小切口白内障人工晶状体植入术,对术中6例6眼后囊破裂患者原因及处理方法进行分析和总结。
　　结果：术中发生晶状体后囊破裂6例6眼(4.96%),其中术中植入后房型人工晶状体2例2眼,术后1 wk行Ⅱ期睫状沟人工晶状体植入2例2眼,前房型人工晶状体植入2例2眼。术后1~3mo门诊复诊,矫正视力<0.1者1例1眼,为黄斑病变眼底;0.3者1例1眼为糖尿病视网膜病变眼底;0.4~0.6者2例2眼;>0.6者2例2眼,均无严重并发症。
　　结论：晶状体后囊破裂为非超声乳化小切口白内障联合人工晶状体植入术中最常见并发症之一,可发生于术中任何步骤。术者提高手术操作技巧,并不断积累经验,可有效地减少后囊破裂的发生率;即使术中出现后囊破裂,及时发现并妥善处理,患者术后仍可获得良好的手术效果。     

干预前、后骨科Ⅰ类切口手术围术期预防性应用抗菌药物分析

目的:探讨骨科Ⅰ类切口手术围术期预防性应用抗菌药物的管理效果及临床药师在管理中的积极作用。方法:临床药师参与骨科Ⅰ类切口手术围术期预防性应用抗菌药物的管理工作。分别调取干预前、第1阶段干预后、第2阶段干预后骨科Ⅰ类切口手术患者的病历资料,对用药进行合理性评价,并对抗菌药物的预防性应用情况进行对比分析。结果:与干预前比较,第2阶段干预后骨科Ⅰ类切口手术围术期抗菌药物预防性使用率由98.56%下降至28.95%,降幅达70.63%;第2阶段干预后抗菌药物使用强度由96.31 DDDs/(100人·d)降至32.18 DDDs/(100人·d),降幅达66.59%;抗菌药物的品种选择、给药时间、用药疗程等均趋于合理。结论:临床药师参与Ⅰ类切口手术围术期预防性应用抗菌药物的管理工作,可有效规范抗菌药物的临床应用,提高用药合理性。     

颌面部间隙感染微创切口负压引流的临床治疗研究

目的探讨微创切口联合负压引流治疗颌面部间隙感染的临床效果,以期提高临床治疗水平。方法选取2010年12月-2013年12月95例颌面部间隙感染患者为研究对象,分成对照组46例,予以传统切开手术治疗,观察组49例,予以微创切口联合负压引流治疗,观察两组治疗后临床效果。结果对照组治愈率43.48%、总有效率78.26%,观察组治愈率63.27%、总有效率为91.49%;对照组1~5d拔管占30.43%、>11d拔管占15.22%,1~5d治愈占39.13%、>11d治愈占17.39%;观察组分别占59.18%、4.08%、65.31%、8.16%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组病原菌清除率为93.48%、观察组为95.91%,两组比较差异无统计学意义;两组在皮肤疤痕长、宽度、拔管平均时间、并发症发生种类、白细胞计数恢复时间方面比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论微创切口联合负压引流治疗颌面部间隙感染临床效果显著。     

某院2148例Ⅰ类切口手术围术期预防性应用抗菌药物调查分析

目的调查某院Ⅰ类切口手术围术期预防性抗菌药物的应用情况,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法回顾性分析2018年某院2148例Ⅰ类切口手术患者的临床病历资料,对其围术期抗菌药物的预防性应用情况进行统计分析,包括抗菌药物预防性使用情况、品种选择分布情况、给药时机、用药时间以及联合用药情况等。结果 2148例患者中, 467例患者围术期预防性使用抗菌药物,占21.74%。467例患者中,抗菌药物品种使用频率最高的是注射用头孢唑啉,占比为39.61%(185/467),其次为第三代头孢类抗菌药物头孢甲肟,占比为22.91%(107/467),以及氟喹诺酮类左氧氟沙星注射液,占比为10.49%(49/467);抗菌药物品种选择合格率为39.61%(185/467)。467例患者中,术前>1.0 h给药341例,占73.02%;术前0.5~1.0 h给药28例,仅占6.00%;术后给药98例,占20.99%。467例患者中,总预防用药时间≤24 h 121例,占25.91%;总预防用药时间>24 h 346例,占74.09%。467例患者中,单独使用抗菌药物462例,占98.93%;二联使用抗菌药物5例,占1.07%。结论某院Ⅰ类切口手术围手术期抗菌药物预防性使用情况仍存在预防用药品种选择不当、给药时机不当、用药时间过长等不合理情况,须采取综合干预措施。     

Corrective surgery using a gridiron incision for abdominal pain caused by a folded ovary in the third trimester of pregnancy

IntroductionSonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be helpful to obtain an accurate diagnosis of acute abdominal pain in pregnancy. Adnexal torsion presenting in the first or second trimester can be confirmed and treated through laparoscopic surgery; however laparoscopic surgery in the third trimester can be difficult owing to the large uterus, and a gridiron incision can be useful.Case Report/Case presentationAn 18-year-old gravida 1, para 0 (G1P0) woman at 30 + 4 weeks of gestation presented with sudden-onset cyclic pain in the right lower quadrant. Abdominal ultrasonography showed a normal appendix, and MRI showed a normal appendix and normal ovaries. The patient’s prominent tender point was marked and compared with the MR images, which confirmed the mark as the position of the right ovary. Laparotomy was performed through a gridiron incision, and a folded right ovary was identified. The ovary was unfolded, and TachoSil® and Surgicel® were used to maintain the unfolded position. The patient’s pain resolved, and her postoperative course was uneventful. She delivered a healthy, 2540-g male baby at 35 weeks’ gestation.Discussion/ConclusionsA gridiron incision was useful to treat a folded ovary in the third trimester and to evaluate the adnexa and minimize uterine manipulation.